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Transport in Scotland

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Examples of transport in Scotland

Transport in Scotland is facilitated by road, rail, air and water networks.[1] The Scottish Government and Scottish Parliament has control over most elements of transport policy within Scotland, with the Cabinet Secretary for Transport holding portfolio responsibility within the Scottish Government.[2] Transport Scotland is the Executive Agency responsible for the Scottish transport network.[3]

The country has five international airports in which Edinburgh Airport is the busiest, handling in excess of 12 million passengers annually.[4] With over 790 islands lying off the Scottish coast, ferry services are primarily operated by Caledonian MacBrayne, a subsidiary of David MacBrayne which is owned by the Scottish Government. Caledonian Maritime Assets is the owner of the ferries, ports, harbours and infrastructure for ferry services serving the west coast of Scotland, the Firth of Clyde and the Northern Isles. In 2022, the countries rail operations were re–nationalised by the Scottish Government who took over the ScotRail franchise as an operator of last resort.[5] Scottish Rail Holdings is the executive agency of the Scottish Government which operate the ScotRail and Caledonian Sleeper services. Glasgow Central railway station is the country's busiest, with over 15 million passengers in 2022.[6]

Government responsibility

[edit]
Most aspects of transport in Scotland are the responsibility of the Scottish Government, with legislation on transport passing through the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh

The Scottish Government and Transport Scotland are solely responsible for transport in Scotland within the following areas:

  • setting drink and drug-driving limits
  • speed limits
  • some aspects of railways, including Scottish passenger rail franchises
  • concessionary travel schemes
  • cycling
  • parking
  • local road pricing (including congestion charging)
  • promotion of road safety
  • road signs

Some aspects of transport policy and administration are reserved (i.e., not devolved), and are therefore the responsibility of the UK Government's Department for Transport:[7]

Railways

[edit]
ScotRail Class 43 High Speed Train at Greenhill, Falkirk
ScotRail Class 385 makes its way out of Stirling towards Alloa

Railway overview

[edit]

Scotland has an extensive railway network, with links across the country, connections to England, local commuter links to the major cities (many of which were electrified under British Rail) and freight. As of 2018, the total route length of the rail network in Scotland is 2,819 km (1,752 miles). 709 km (441 miles) of the rail network is electrified, and there are 359 stations.[8]

The railway network is owned by Network Rail, which is responsible for the majority of the railway infrastructure. Rail services are provided under franchises awarded by the government. The current holder of the Scottish franchise is ScotRail. Intercity services are also operated by Avanti West Coast, CrossCountry, Caledonian Sleeper, London North Eastern Railway and TransPennine Express.[9]

The East and West Coast Main Lines are the two cross-border railways that connect the networks of Scotland and England. London North Eastern Railway (LNER) provides inter-city rail journeys on the former between Inverness, Aberdeen and Edinburgh to London King's Cross via York, while Avanti West Coast runs services on the latter from either Edinburgh or Glasgow Central to London Euston with some services serving Birmingham New Street. TransPennine Express, Lumo, CrossCountry, Caledonian Sleeper and ScotRail also operate services to England. Domestic rail services within Scotland are operated by ScotRail. Glasgow's Subway is one of the four underground urban rail networks in the UK (the others being in London, Newcastle and Liverpool). Edinburgh has a tramway to and from the airport.

On 1 January 2006, Transport Scotland was established, which would oversee the regulation of railways in Scotland and administer major rail projects.[10] Since April 2022, Transport Scotland has taken ScotRail back into public ownership via its operator of last resort, Scottish Rail Holdings.[11] It will do the same with the Caledonian Sleeper service in June 2023.[12]

Cross border services

[edit]
The Caledonian Sleeper, an overnight sleeper train, is operated by Scottish Rail Holdings and travels between Scotland and London

The main cross border services in Scotland are:

Scottish services

[edit]
Map of railways in Scotland

Within Scotland, 94% of passenger service trains are operated by ScotRail, with the remaining 6% being cross border.[14] Until 2005, services within the former Strathclyde Regional Council area were provided by First ScotRail on behalf of SPT.[15]

History of Scottish railways

[edit]

The first railway in Scotland was the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, opened in 1826. The first passenger railway was the Kilmarnock & Troon Railway.[16] The first railways in Scotland were operated using horse traction. By 1850, Scotland's major cities were linked to each other and to the rest of the British railway network. The second half of the nineteenth century saw a rapid expansion of the network, and by 1900; virtually every town with a population greater than 2,000 on the Scottish mainland had a railway station. At the same time, trains became more comfortable, faster and more frequent whilst the cost of travel declined relative to wages.

Nevertheless, there were probably never more than 100 million or so journeys made per year within Scotland, little more than 20 per head of population, illustrating how most people had little need, financial means or desire to travel long distances. Railways did, though, play an important part in moving freight, especially heavy loads such as coal, iron and steel, and played a vital role in the First World War.

After World War I, the Railways Act 1921 also known as the Grouping Act, merged the Caledonian Railway and its rival, the North British Railway into the newly created London, Midland and Scottish Railway and London and North Eastern Railway companies.

After World War II, the railways were nationalised by the Transport Act 1947 into British Railways. The Scottish network was reorganised as the Scottish Region (ScR), one of six new regions of British Railways.

By the late-1950s, the railways were operating at a loss. In 1963, the Government appointed Richard Beeching as Chairman of the British Transport Commission. He commissioned a report called The Reshaping of British Railways also known as the Beeching Repor that intended to reorganise the railways to become more profitable. This led to the infamous Beeching cuts, resulting in 650 miles of track and associated stations being closed.[17] The closures were deeply unpopular by many people affected and resulted in protests, most notably the Waverley Route.[18]

The closure programme slowed down after the Transport Act 1968 made it possible for the Government to directly subsidise loss-making lines and the last major closures in the 1970s, were the direct Edinburgh–Perth Glenfarg line and the Formartine and Buchan Railway which connected Peterhead and Fraserburgh to Aberdeen.

In the 1980s, British Railways (by that point renamed "British Rail") rebranded the Scottish Region as ScotRail.

British Rail was privatised in March 1997 by the outgoing Conservative Government. The Scotland franchise was won by National Express who decided to retain the ScotRail brand and operated the franchise until 2004. The Scotland franchise was then operated by First ScotRail until 2015 when Abellio ScotRail was awarded the franchise by the devolved Scottish Government. The Caledonian Sleeper service, which had previously been operated by the Scotland franchise holder from 1997, was separated as a new franchise in 2015. It is currently operated by Scottish Rail Holdings after being taken into public ownership by the Scottish Government and Transport Scotland in 2023.[19]

Since 1997, rail usage has risen, which has resulted in the reopening of former railway lines and stations closed under the Beeching Axe. Major reopenings include:

In 2008, the Scottish Government announced that £200 million would be spent to reduce journey times between Aberdeen and both Edinburgh and Glasgow. The funds would shorten the journey time between Aberdeen and Edinburgh by 24 minutes. However, in 2021, it was stated that only £1.68 million had been spent.[20][21]

Glasgow Subway

[edit]
The Glasgow Subway

The Glasgow Subway is the only underground system in Scotland. It opened on 14 December 1896, making it the third-oldest underground network in the world after the Budapest Metro and the London Underground. It is owned and operated by Strathclyde Partnership for Transport.

Trams and light rail

[edit]
See also: List of town tramway systems in Scotland

Edinburgh Trams opened on 31 May 2014. It is the only system currently in operation in Scotland, although Aberdeen, Dundee, Dunfermline, Edinburgh and Glasgow formerly had extensive networks.

Road network

[edit]
The M8 is the busiest motorway in Scotland
The Queensferry Crossing carries the M90 motorway across the Firth of Forth
The A863 road on the Isle of Skye

Motorways

[edit]

Scotland has an extensive road network throughout the country. The motorway network is concentrated in the Central belt, with trunk roads (A roads) connecting the rest of the country.

Major routes in Scotland include:

Traffic

[edit]

Within the large cities, roads become congested in peak hours. The M8 and M77 motorways become heavily congested in peak hours, especially around Glasgow where it travels through the heart of the city. The main congestion hotspots are in Glasgow City Centre around the Kingston Bridge where a large amount of traffic leaves and enter the road. Also further down the road traffic joining at Hillington Estate and Braehead Shopping Centre near Glasgow Airport can cause hold-ups. Traffic is also extremely heavy between Glasgow and Edinburgh at all times, however rarely comes to a standstill.

Road construction

[edit]

An extension to the M9 spur to link with the A90 at the Forth Bridge recently opened, as did the new Clackmannanshire Bridge over the Firth of Forth. A controversial extension to the M74 motorway through the southside of Glasgow was also completed in 2011. The road, first proposed in the 1960s, was due to be open in 2008. However, legal action against the road was brought by environmental group Friends of the Earth. The action ultimately failed; however, the motorway has widespread opposition after ministers over-ruled the Local Public Inquiry held into the project which recommended that the road not be built, as it would be unable to substantially reduce congestion and would lead to more vehicles and pollution in the area. The Scottish Ministers voted for the road, believing that it would regenerate the inner city of Glasgow's Southside and bring economic benefits to Renfrewshire, Inverclyde and the Southside of Glasgow. Construction cost is estimated at £575 million, and it is Scotland's biggest roads project, and the first motorway to be built in a British urban area for decades.

Motorway symbol Motorways of Scotland
M73 – M74 – M77 – M8 – M80 – M876 – M898 – M9 – M90
A-roads with motorway restrictions
A74(M) – A823(M)

Bus travel

[edit]
Buses in Edinburgh city centre, passing Edinburgh Castle
Buses, operated by Stagecoach, at Kilmarnock bus station

Scotland is covered by a large bus network throughout many towns, cities and rural areas. It is estimated that 95% of the population live within 5 minutes walk of a bus stop. National and international buses often operate out of main bus stations in the cities, such as Buchanan bus station in Glasgow and Edinburgh bus station.

Scottish Citylink and Megabus are the two principal long-distance coach operators within Scotland, and currently operating together as a joint venture. However, the deal is being monitored by the competition commission to ensure that it does not unfairly damage long-distance bus travel in Scotland. National Express provide coach links with cities in England and Wales.

FirstGroup and Stagecoach Group are two large public transport companies which are based in Scotland at Aberdeen and Perth, respectively, and both operate a number of local and regional services.

Numerous local independent operators also run bus services throughout Scotland as well as Lothian Buses, Edinburgh's largest bus operator and Scotland's last council-run bus company.

Scotland's bus network, like that of Great Britain outside London, is deregulated following an act of UK Parliament in 1986. This broke up the former national and city bus companies, formerly run by the local authorities since the 1930s, into private companies. The act also allowed buses to be operated by private companies and individuals for profit, provided they met the financial, background and maintenance requirements to qualify for a licence, set down by Vehicle & Operator Services Agency who administrate the system. A Public Service Vehicle Licence is then granted to allow a specified number of vehicles to be operated. Using this licence firms can then register their routes with the Local Traffic Commissioner for the area, in this case Scotland, indicating the exact route to be operated as well as the times and dates their buses will run. No requirements are set as to when and what routes buses can run, their age and what fares can be charged-this is decided by companies, often by the profitability of the route. Currently only one bus company, Lothian Buses in Edinburgh, remains under ownership and control of local councils in Lothian and Edinburgh.

On 31 January 2022, free bus travel was introduced across Scotland for everyone aged under 22.[22]

Water

[edit]

Ferries

[edit]
Map of ferry services in Scotland
MV Isle of Mull, operated by Caledonian MacBrayne, serves the Craignure–Oban route

As Scotland is made up of several hundred islands, water has always been an important transport route for passengers and freight, particularly in the remote communities of the Hebrides.

Caledonian MacBrayne, a subsidiary of David MacBrayne, is owned by the Scottish Government. A fleet of 31 ferries serve a 52 ports and 49 routes on the ferry network in Scotland, with 5.3 million passengers travelling on the Caledonian MacBrayne ferry network in 2018.[23] The ferry network in Scotland is faced with issues, in part due to the ageing fleet of the Caledonian MacBrayne network.[24] The average age of a Caledonian MacBrayne vessel in 2023 was 40 years old, with MV Isle of Arran having been built in 1983, and serves the busiest route (Ardrossan–Brodick) in Scotland's ferry network.[24]

The ferry network is often met with criticism by those living and working in Scotland's island communities, citing delays and cancellations as a reason for loss of earnings and impacting island communities local economies.[25] Construction of two replacement vessels, MV Glen Sannox (2017) and "Hull 802" were awarded to Ferguson Marine in 2015, however, have faced major delays and budget overspending, trebling to £293 million.[26]

In an attempt to deal with the political scandal arising from the ferry fiasco, the Scottish Government nationalised the Ferguson Marine shipyard, which, at the time of Scottish Government nationalisation, had debts of £70 million.[27]

There are several ferry companies operating in Scotland including:

The Strathclyde Partnership for Transport, formerly Strathclyde Passenger Transport, the only regional passenger executive in Scotland also subsidises and operates ferries on the Clyde including the Kilcreggan Ferry and the Renfrew Ferry.

The ferry to Gothenburg, Sweden, from Newcastle (actually North Shields) in northern England (currently run by the Danish company DFDS Seaways), ceased at the end of October 2006.[28] This service was a key route for Scottish tourist traffic from Sweden and Norway. The company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services, especially Ryanair (which now flies to Glasgow Prestwick and London Stansted from Gothenburg City Airport), as being the cause. DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, will continue to run scheduled freight ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, including Newcastle, and these have limited capacity for passengers, but not private vehicles. The Newcastle–Kristiansand, Norway, route has however recently been cancelled.

Waterways

[edit]
See also: Canals in Scotland

Scotland never had an extensive canal network. The Forth and Clyde Canal, Union Canal and the Caledonian Canal were some of the most important, but went into decline after the growth of the railways. They are now being reopened and restored primarily for leisure use.

Air transport

[edit]
Edinburgh Airport is Scotland's busiest airport by passenger numbers, with over 14.4 million passengers in 2023[29]
Barra Airport is the only airport in the world to use a tidal beach as its runway
Loganair is branded as Scotland's Airline

Air transport in Scotland is responsible for 0.3% of Scottish Gross Value Added (GVA) (roughly £400 million).[30] In 2019, 3.5 million international inbound visits to Scotland occurred, with a total visitor spending being estimated £2.5 billion. Of the 3.5 million inbound visits, 1.9 million used Scottish airports.[30] The Scottish Government has passed a bill in the Scottish Parliament to replace the UK-wide Air Passenger Duty with a Air Departure Tax which would apply fully and solely to Scotland.[31]

Edinburgh Airport is the busiest airport in Scotland by passenger numbers, and is a major transatlantic gateway for Scotland. In 2023, Edinburgh Airport handled in excess of 14 million passengers, a 28% increase from recorded passenger numbers in 2022. Thirty-five airlines fly to 152 international destinations from Edinburgh Airport, with the airport handling 115,000 aircraft movements in 2023.[29] The countries second largest airport by passenger numbers is Glasgow Airport, which handles over 7 million passengers on an annual basis. A total of 20 airlines serve Glasgow Airport, flying to over 100 international destinations.[32]

Glasgow Prestwick Airport in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, was the only airport in Scotland to operate a transatlantic link for a considerable period of time before the establishment of Scotland's other larger airports, such as Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow. Aberdeen Airport is one of Europe's busiest commercial heliports due to its proximity to the North Sea and its role in supporting the North Sea oil and gas industry. The open skies policy (1990) allowed Scots to fly direct to international countries without the need to change flights at airports such as London Heathrow or London Gatwick.[33] British Airways, EasyJet, Jet2 and Ryanair operate the majority of flights between Scotland and other major UK and European airports.

Highlands and Islands Airports operates eleven airports across the Highlands, Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles, which are primarily used for short distance, public service operations, although Inverness Airport has a number of scheduled flights to destinations across the UK and mainland Europe. Inverness Airport is largely considered as the "air gateway" for the Scottish Highland area and Scotland's islands.[33] It is the largest of the ten airports serving the Highlands and Islands region, handling more than 330 flights per week to both Scottish and UK-wide destinations in 2009.[34]

A number of smaller airports across Scotland provide a mixture of commercial and military flights. Smaller airports of the country include Barra Airport, Benbecula Airport, Campbeltown Airport, Coll Airport, Colonsay Airport, Dundee Airport, Eday Airport, Fair Isle Airport, Foula Airport, Islay Airport, Tingwall Airport, North Ronaldsay Airport, Oban Airport, Papa Stour Airstrip, Papa Westray Airport, Sanday Airport, Stornoway Airport, Stronsay Airport, Sumburgh Airport, Tiree Airport, Westray Airport and Wick Airport. Islay Airport is known as the "Queen of the Hebrides" and is connected to the Scottish mainland with flights to Glasgow operated by British Airways.[34]

Scotland has five international airports – Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Glagow Prestwick and Inverness – with scheduled services, operating to Europe, North America and Asia, as well domestic services to England, Northern Ireland and Wales. There are currently four Scottish-based airlines:

Airports in Scotland

[edit]
Location County ICAO IATA Airport name Usage Rwy Length Surface Elevation (m)
(m) (ft)
Aberdeen Aberdeen EGPD ABZ Aberdeen Airport Public 1,953 6,407 Asphalt 66
Ardchattan and Muckairn Argyll and Bute EGEO OBN Oban Airport Public 1,240 4,068 Asphalt 7
Baltasound Shetland EGPW UNT Unst Airport Public 640 2,100 Asphalt
Benbecula Na h-Eileanan Siar EGPL BEB Benbecula Airport Public 1,836 6,023 Asphalt 6
Barra Na h-Eileanan Siar EGPR BRR Barra Airport Public 846 2,776 Sand 2
Campbeltown Argyll and Bute EGEC CAL Campbeltown Airport (RAF Machrihanish) Public 3,049 10,003 Asphalt 13
Coll Argyll and Bute EGEL COL Coll Airport Public 500 1,640 Asphalt 6
Colonsay and Oronsay Argyll and Bute EGEY CSA Colonsay Airport Public 501 1,644 Asphalt 13
North Ronaldsay Orkney EGEN NRL North Ronaldsay Airport Public 467 1,532 Graded hardcore 17
Cumbernauld North Lanarkshire EGPG   Cumbernauld Airport Public 820 2,690 Asphalt 107
Dalcross Highland EGPE INV Inverness Airport Public 1,887 6,191 Asphalt 9
Dundee Dundee EGPN DND Dundee Airport Public 1,400 4,593 Asphalt 5
Dunrossness Shetland EGPB LSI Sumburgh Airport Public 1,426 4,678 Asphalt 6
Eday Orkney EGED EOI Eday Airport Public 467 1,532 Graded hardcore 6
Edinburgh Edinburgh EGPH EDI Edinburgh Airport Public 2,560 8,399 Asphalt 41
Fair Isle Shetland EGEF FIE Fair Isle Airport Private 486 1,594 Gravel 68
Foula Shetland FOA Foula Airfield 457 1,500 Gravel
Islay Argyll and Bute EGPI ILY Islay Airport Public 1,545 5,068 Asphalt 17
Kinglassie Fife EGPJ   Fife Airport Public 700 2,297 Asphalt
Kinloss Moray EGQK FSS Kinloss Barracks Military 2,311 7,582 Asphalt
Sanday Orkney EGES NDY Sanday Airport Public 467 1,532 Graded hardcore 20
Leuchars Fife EGQL ADX Leuchars Station Military 2,588 8,491 Asphalt
Lossiemouth Moray EGQS LMO RAF Lossiemouth Military 2,749 9,019 Asphalt
Out Skerries Shetland OUK Out Skerries Airport
Papa Stour Shetland PSV Papa Stour Airport Public 442 1,450 Gravel
Papa Westray Orkney EGEP PPW Papa Westray Airport Public 469 1,532 Graded hardcore 28
Paisley Renfrewshire EGPF GLA Glasgow Airport Public 2,658 8,720 Asphalt 8
Prestwick South Ayrshire EGPK PIK Glasgow Prestwick Airport Public 2,987 9,799 Concrete/asphalt 20
Mainland, Orkney Orkney EGPA KOI Kirkwall Airport Public 1,428 4,685 Asphalt 18
Scone Perth and Kinross EGPT PSL Perth Airport Public 853 2,799 Asphalt
Stornoway Na h-Eileanan Siar EGPO SYY Stornoway Airport Public 2,200 7,218 Asphalt 8
Ashaig Highland EGEI SKL Broadford Airfield Public 793 2,602 Grass
Stronsay Orkney EGER SOY Stronsay Airport Public 515 1,690 Graded hardcore 12
Tingwall Shetland EGET LWK Tingwall Airport Public 764 2,507 Asphalt 14
Tiree Argyll and Bute EGPU TRE Tiree Airport Public 1,472 4,829 Asphalt
Westray Orkney EGEW WRY Westray Airport Public 467 1,532 Gravel 9
Whalsay Shetland EGEH WHS Whalsay Airstrip Public 457 1,499 Asphalt
Wick Highland EGPC WIC Wick Airport Public 1,825 5,988 Asphalt

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Travel in Scotland - Travel Information & Advice". VisitScotland. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  2. ^ "Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Infrastructure and Connectivity". Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  3. ^ "About". Transport Scotland. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  4. ^ "Scottish airports". businessInsider. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  5. ^ "Scottish Government will take over ScotRail services on 1 April 2022". www.transport.gov.scot. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  6. ^ "Scotland's busiest and quietest train stations revealed". STV News. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  7. ^ "Devolved and Reserved Powers". www.parliament.scot. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  8. ^ "Chapter 7: Rail Services". www.transport.gov.scot. Transport Scotland. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  9. ^ "National Rail: Companies and coverage guide". NationalRail.co.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  10. ^ "Corporate: Freedom of Information Publication Scheme". Transport in Scotland. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  11. ^ "ScotRail goes back into public ownership". BBC News. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  12. ^ "Caledonian Sleeper to be delivered by the Scottish Government". Transport Scotland. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  13. ^ "National Express awarded contract for growth on InterCity East Coast". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007.
  14. ^ "Scottish Transport Statistics" (PDF). Transport Scotland. 2017. No. 36.
  15. ^ "All Scotland's trains to get Saltire livery". The Scotsman. Edinburgh.
  16. ^ "Plaque marks pioneering railway". BBC News. 6 July 2012.
  17. ^ "450 miles of Scots railway 'dodged Beeching axe'".
  18. ^ Brocklehurst, Steven (27 March 2013). "What was Beeching's worst railway cut?". BBC News. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  19. ^ "Transport Scotland | Caledonian Sleeper Franchise". www.transport.gov.scot. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  20. ^ Hall, Jamie (16 November 2016). "Concerns as rail improvement works 'no further forward' 13 years on". Evening Express. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  21. ^ Hall, Jamie (11 May 2021). "North-east rail upgrades on track for 2026 completion". Press and Journal. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  22. ^ "Free bus travel for under-22s in Scotland begins". BBC News. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  23. ^ "Action Plan – CalMac Ferries Communication Paper" (PDF). www.transport.gov.scot.
  24. ^ a b "The problem with CalMac's ageing ferries". BBC News. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  25. ^ "Anger grows at latest CalMac ferry disruption". BBC News. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  26. ^ "£87,000 bonus for Ferguson bosses branded 'unacceptable'". BBC News. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  27. ^ "Jobs safeguarded as SNP ministers nationalise Ferguson shipyard". The Herald. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  28. ^ "DFDS scraps Newcastle-Gothenburg line" Archived 28 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Local, 7 September 2006: "Danish shipping company DFDS Seaways is to scrap the only passenger ferry route between Sweden and Britain, with the axing of the Gothenburg-Newcastle route at the end of October."
  29. ^ a b "Facts and figures | Edinburgh Airport". www.corporate.edinburghairport.com. Edinburgh Airport. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  30. ^ a b "Context | Transport Scotland". www.transport.gov.scot. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  31. ^ "Air Departure Tax". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  32. ^ "About Us | Glasgow Airport". www.glasgowairport.com. Glasgow Airport. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  33. ^ a b Jarvie, Frances and Gordon (2009). Flight in Scotland. Edinburgh: NMS Enterprises Limited - Publishing. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-1-905267-24-8.
  34. ^ a b Jarvie, Frances and Gordon (2009). Flight in Scotland. Edinburgh: NMS Enterprises Limited - Publishing. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-905267-24-8.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Cowsill, Miles; Hendy, John (1992). Ferries of Scotland. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: Ferry Publications. ISBN 978-0951309346.
  • Hendy, John (2010). Ferries of Scotland. Vol. 2 (new ed.). Narberth, Pembrokeshire: Ferry Publications. ISBN 9781906608194.
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