E pluribus unum
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E pluribus unum (/iː ˈplɜːrɪbəs ˈuːnəm/ ee PLUR-ib-əs OO-nəm, Classical Latin: [eː ˈpluːrɪbʊs ˈuːnʊ̃], Latin pronunciation: [e ˈpluribus ˈunum]) – Latin for "Out of many, one"[1][2] (also translated as "One out of many"[3] or "One from many"[4]) – is a traditional motto of the United States, appearing on the Great Seal along with Annuit cœptis (Latin for "he approves the undertaking") and Novus ordo seclorum (Latin for "New order of the ages") which appear on the reverse of the Great Seal; its inclusion on the seal was suggested by Pierre Eugene du Simitiere and approved in an act of the Congress of the Confederation in 1782.[2] While its status as national motto was for many years unofficial, E pluribus unum was still considered the de facto motto of the United States from its early history.[5] Eventually, the U.S. Congress passed an act in 1956 (H. J. Resolution 396), adopting "In God We Trust" as the official motto.[6]
That the phrase "E pluribus unum" has thirteen letters makes its use symbolic of the original Thirteen Colonies which rebelled against the rule of the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first thirteen states, represented today as the thirteen stripes on the American flag.
The meaning of the phrase originated from the concept that out of the union of the original Thirteen Colonies emerged a new single nation.[8] It is emblazoned across the scroll and clenched in the eagle's beak on the Great Seal of the United States.[8][9]
Origin
[edit]The 13-letter motto was suggested in 1776 by Pierre Eugene du Simitiere to the committee responsible for developing the seal. At the time of the American Revolution, the phrase appeared regularly on the title page of the London-based Gentleman's Magazine, founded in 1731,[10][11] which collected articles from many sources into one periodical. This usage in turn can be traced back to the London-based Huguenot Peter Anthony Motteux, who had employed the adage for his The Gentleman's Journal, or the Monthly Miscellany (1692–1694). The phrase is similar to a Latin translation of a variation of Heraclitus's tenth fragment, "The one is made up of all things, and all things issue from the one" (ἐκ πάντων ἓν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς πάντα). A variant of the phrase was used in "Moretum", a poem belonging to the Appendix Virgiliana, describing (on the surface at least) the making of moretum, a kind of herb and cheese spread related to modern pesto. In the poem text, color est e pluribus unus describes the blending of colors into one. St Augustine used a variant of the phrase, ex pluribus unum facere (make one out of many), in his Confessions.[12] But it seems more likely that the phrase refers to Cicero's paraphrase of Pythagoras in his De Officiis, as part of his discussion of basic family and social bonds as the origin of societies and states: "When each person loves the other as much as himself, it makes one out of many (unum fiat ex pluribus), as Pythagoras wishes things to be in friendship."[13]
While Annuit cœptis ("He favors our undertakings") and Novus ordo seclorum ("New order of the ages") appear on the reverse side of the Great Seal, E Pluribus Unum appears on the obverse side of the seal (designed by Charles Thomson), the image of which is used as the national emblem of the United States, and appears on official documents such as passports. It also appears on the seal of the President and in the seals of the Vice President of the United States, of the United States Congress, of the United States House of Representatives, of the United States Senate and on the seal of the United States Supreme Court.
Usage on coins
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| Dime E pluribus unum engraving. | |
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| Obverse: Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt, year and US national motto (In God We Trust) | Reverse: E pluribus unum, olive branch, torch and oak branch, face-value and country |
The first coins with E pluribus unum were dated 1786 and struck under the authorization of New Jersey by Thomas Goadsby and Albion Cox in Rahway, New Jersey.[14] The motto had no New Jersey linkage but was likely an available die that had been created by Walter Mould the previous year for a failed federal coinage proposal.[15] Walter Mould was also authorized by New Jersey to strike state coppers with this motto and did so beginning in early 1787 in Morristown, New Jersey. Lt. Col. Seth Read of Uxbridge, Massachusetts was said to have been instrumental in having E pluribus unum placed on U.S. coins.[16] Seth Read and his brother Joseph Read had been authorized by the Massachusetts General Court to mint coppers in 1786. In March 1786, Seth Read petitioned the Massachusetts General Court, both the House and the Senate, for a franchise to mint coins, both copper and silver, and "it was concurred".[17][18] E pluribus unum, written in capital letters, is included on most U.S. currency, with some exceptions to the letter spacing (such as the reverse of the dime). It is also embossed on the edge of the dollar coin. (See United States coinage and paper bills in circulation).
According to the U.S. Treasury, the motto E pluribus unum was first used on U.S. coinage in 1795, when the reverse of the half-eagle ($5 gold) coin presented the main features of the Great Seal of the United States. E pluribus unum is inscribed on the Great Seal's scroll. The motto was added to certain silver coins in 1798, and soon appeared on all of the coins made out of precious metals (gold and silver). In 1834, it was dropped from most of the gold coins to mark the change in the standard fineness of the coins. In 1837, it was dropped from the silver coins, marking the era of the Revised Mint Code. The Coinage Act of 1873 made the inscription a requirement of law upon the coins of the United States. E pluribus unum appears on all U.S. coins currently being manufactured, including the Presidential dollars that started being produced in 2007, where it is inscribed on the edge along with "In God We Trust" and the year and mint mark. After the revolution, Rahway, New Jersey became the home of the first national mint to create a coin bearing the inscription E pluribus unum.
In a quality control error in early 2007 the Philadelphia Mint issued some one-dollar coins without E pluribus unum on the rim; these coins have since become collectibles.
The 2009 and 2010 pennies feature a new design on the back, which displays the phrase E pluribus unum in larger letters than in previous years.[1]
Other usages
[edit]U.S. Government
[edit]- Besides the United States Great Seal's obverse and most American coins, the motto appears over the tribune in the United States Senate chamber, on the flags and seals of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the President, the Supreme Court and the Army, and on the state flags of Michigan, New York, North Dakota, and Wisconsin.
Other countries' governments
[edit]- It appears on the logo of the Shire of Boulia, Queensland, Australia.
- The motto appears on the coat of arms of the city of Mongaguá in Brazil.
- A variant of the motto, unum e pluribus is used by the Borough of Wokingham in Berkshire, England.[19]
- This motto has also been used by the Scoutspataljon, a professional infantry battalion of the Estonian Defence Forces, since 1918.
Sports
[edit]- The motto appears on the logo of the United States Golf Association.
- The motto is used on the emblem of the Portuguese sports club Sport Lisboa e Benfica since 1904 (initially by one of its predecessors, Sport Lisboa). Similarly to the United States coat of arms, the emblem has a shield and an eagle on top of it serving as a crest and holding a scroll with the motto (although the scroll is beneath the eagle).[20][21]
Arts and media
[edit]- This motto has also been used in the Eden novel of Stanislaw Lem (cited by Doctor).
- E Pluribus Unum is a march by the composer Fred Jewell, written in 1917 during World War I.
- The Wizard of Oz's title character uses the motto to describe his (and Dorothy's) homeland of Kansas: the land of e pluribus unum.
- Bugs Bunny misinterprets the motto at the end of Roman Legion Hare: "E Pluribus Uranium".
- "E unibus pluram" is the title of a 1996 essay by David Foster Wallace which appears in the collection A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again.
- In 2001, following the September 11 attacks, the Ad Council and Texas ad agency GSD&M launched a public service announcement in which ethnically diverse people say "I am an American"; near the end of the PSA, a black screen shows and the phrase "E pluribus unum" is seen with the English translation underneath.[22]
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The arms of Mongágua, Brazil -
The logo of Estonian Scouts Battalion
See also
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References
[edit]- ^ a b "E Pluribus Unum". treasury.gov. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
- ^ a b "E Pluribus Unum - Origin and Meaning of the Motto Carried by the American Eagle". Greatseal.com. November 28, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
- ^ "E Pluribus Unum 2". Collins English Dictionary: Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
- ^ "E Pluribus Unum". Retrieved March 29, 2012.
- ^ Bittker, Boris; Idleman, Scott; Ravitch, Frank (2015). Religion and the State in American Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9781107071827.
- ^ "Text of H.J.Res. 396 (84th): Joint resolution to establish a national motto of the United States (Passed Congress version) - GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us.
- ^ Beans, Bruce E. (1997). Eagle's Plume: The Struggle to Preserve the Life and Haunts of America's Bald Eagle. University of Nebraska Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780803261426. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ a b The Great Seal of the United States - U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs (Page: 6)
- ^ E. Beans, Bruce (January 1997). Eagle's Plume: The Struggle to Preserve the Life and Haunts of America's. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803261426. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ "The Gentleman's Magazine". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "[Title page]". The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle. 46. 1776 – via Google Books.
- ^ Book IV, section 8.13.
- ^ Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De Officiis. Book 1, Section 56: Project Gutenberg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Bowers, Q. David (2009). Whitman Encyclopedia of Colonial and Early American Coins. Atlanta: Whitman Publishing. p. 129.
- ^ Breen, Walter (1998). Complete Encyclopedia of US and Colonial Coins. New York: FCI Press; Doubleday. p. 78.
- ^ "Resource center faqs/coins accessed 2011-06-27". Treasury.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ "Massachusetts Coppers 1787-1788: Introduction". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
- ^ March, 1786 Petition to mint Massachusetts Coppers, source Google books. 1916. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ "The Wokingham Borough Coat of Arms". Wokingham Borough. Retrieved June 13, 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Oliveira, Diogo Cardoso; Alves, José (March 1, 2019). "A história de FC Porto e Benfica nos seus emblemas" [FC Porto and Benfica's histories in their emblems]. Público (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on February 19, 2021.
- ^ "Símbolos: Emblema do SL Benfica" [Symbols: SL Benfica's emblem]. SL Benfica (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
- ^ "I am an American". Ad Council/GSD&M. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
External links
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