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National Electoral Council (Venezuela)

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This article is about the election commission in Venezuela. For a similar body in Colombia, see National Electoral Council (Colombia).
National Electoral Council
Consejo Nacional Electoral
CNE
Logo of CNE
Agency overview
Formed1999
Preceding agency
  • Supreme Electoral Council
JurisdictionGovernment of Venezuela
HeadquartersPlaza Caracas
Caracas, Venezuela
MottoElectoral Power
(Poder Electoral)
Agency executives
Key document
Politics of Venezuela
  • Constitution
  • Law
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Federal divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
flag Venezuela portal

The National Electoral Council (Spanish: Consejo Nacional Electoral, CNE) is the head of one of the five branches of government of Venezuela under its 1999 constitution. It is the institution that has the responsibility of overseeing and guaranteeing the transparency of all elections and referendums in Venezuela at the local, regional, and national levels. The creation of the CNE was ratified in Venezuela's 1999 constitutional referendum. Following the election of Nicolás Maduro into the presidency, the CNE has been described, by the president's opponents, as being pro-Maduro.[2][3][4][5]

History

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The CNE was preceded by the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE), which was established under an electoral law on September 11, 1936.[6] This entity was replaced by the CNE in 1997 with the passage of a new Organic Law of Suffrage and Participation.[7]

Structure

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The National Electoral Council (CNE) is composed of five persons; three of them nominated by civil society, one by the faculties of law and political science at national universities, and one by the Citizen Power. The three members nominated by civil society shall have six alternates in ordinal sequence, and each appointed by the universities and the Citizen Power has two alternates, respectively. Members of the National Electoral Council last seven years in office and be elected separately: the three nominated by civil society at the beginning of each period of the National Assembly, and the other two in the middle of it. Members of the National Electoral Council shall be appointed by the National Assembly with the vote of two thirds of its members. Members of the National Electoral Council will designate from among its members its president, in accordance with the law. (Article 296, Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela).

Leadership

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In 2010, the five rectors of the CNE were Tibisay Lucena (CNE president); Sandra Oblitas Ruzza (CNE vice president; also President of the Civil and Electoral Registry Commission); Vicente José Gregorio Díaz Silva (President of the Political Participation and Finance Commission); Socorro Elizabeth Hernández de Hernández; and Tania D'Amelio Cardiet [es] (member of the Civil and Electoral Registry Commission). Xavier Antonio Moreno Reyes was the CNE's general secretary.[8] Roberto Ignacio Mirabal Acosta was a legal consultant.[citation needed]

As of March 2016, four of the CNE rectors were the same as those of 2010, except that Vicente Díaz had been replaced by Luis Emilio Rondón González [es].[9]

In June 2020, Indira Alfonzo became president of the CNE.[10] The other four rectors, as of July 2020, were Rafael Simón Jiménez Melean [es] (CNE vice-president); Tania D'Amelio Cardiet; Gladys María Gutiérrez Alvarado; and José Luis Gutiérrez Parra [es].[11]

As of October 2021, the five rectors of the CNE were Pedro Enrique Calzadilla Pérez [es] (president); Enrique Octavio Márquez Pérez [es] (vice-president); Tania D'Amelio Cardiet; Alexis José Corredor Pérez; and Roberto Antonio Picón Herrera.[12]

Starting in August 2023,[13] the five rectors of the CNE were Elvis Eduardo Hidrobo Amoroso (CNE president); Carlos Enrique Quintero Cuevas (CNE vice-president); Rosalba Gil Pacheco; Juan Carlos Delpino Boscán [es]; and Aime Clarisa Nogal Méndez.[1] At the time of their appointments, Amoroso, Quintero and Gil Pacecho were seen as representing the government, while Delpino and Nogal were seen as representing the opposition.[14]

Analysis

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The electoral system of Venezuela is controversial. The Supreme Tribunal of Justice, with the majority supporting Chávez, elected officials to the supposedly non-partisan National Electoral Council of Venezuela (CNE) despite the 1999 Constitution stating for the National Assembly of Venezuela to perform the task.[15] That resulted with the CNE board having a majority consisting of Chavistas or those that supported Chávez.[15] Since then, the Venezuelan government controlled by the PSUV ruling party has manipulated elections, holding control of the CNE, the media and through government spending.[16][better source needed]

According to the United States Department of State, there is "widespread pre- and post-election fraud, including electoral irregularities, government interference, and manipulation of voters" and "opposition political parties [have] operated in a restrictive atmosphere characterized by intimidation, the threat of prosecution or administrative sanction on questionable charges, and restricted media access".[16][better source needed] International observers have had difficulties monitoring the elections, though the Bolivarian government accepts the praise of their elections from UNASUR allies.[16][better source needed]

The Venezuelan electoral system has been questioned on numerous occasions. In 2005, it was alleged that the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, with a pro-Chávez majority, appointed officials to the Venezuelan National Electoral Council despite the 1999 Constitution stipulating that this task was to be performed by the National Assembly.[17] As a result, the CNE's board of directors was composed predominantly of individuals aligned with Chavismo.[17] Since then, the Venezuelan government, controlled by the ruling PSUV, has manipulated elections by maintaining control over the CNE, utilizing media outlets, and leveraging government spending.[18] Meanwhile, according to the United States Department of State, there is "widespread pre- and post-election fraud, including electoral irregularities, government interference, and voter manipulation," and "opposition political parties operate in a restrictive atmosphere characterized by intimidation, threats of prosecution or administrative sanctions on questionable charges, and restricted media access." International observers have had difficulties monitoring the elections.[18]

On June 12, 2020, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice appointed CNE rectors after the controversial ruling of legislative omission by the opposition-majority Parliament, which, according to the Constitution of Venezuela, is responsible for selecting the electoral body directors. This was agreed upon between Nicolás Maduro's government and the interim government of Juan Guaidó.[19] The TSJ's decision has been criticized by the opposition and international observers, as it violates the separation of powers and undermines democracy in the country.[19] Additionally, it adds to a series of actions taken by Maduro's government seen as attempts to consolidate its control over the Venezuelan state apparatus and suppress the opposition.[19]

While the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela authorizes the Supreme Tribunal of Justice to appoint members of the Electoral Body when the National Assembly fails to reach a minimum percentage of deputies, beyond the composition of the electoral body, the organization of the electoral act and the formation of polling stations ensure the invulnerability of the vote as they are composed of randomly selected community members, witnesses, and political party representatives. The electoral act is entirely electronic, consisting of the following steps:

  1. The voter enables the vote with their fingerprint, ensuring one voter, one vote.
  2. The voter makes their selection on the machine's touchscreen.
  3. The voting machine prints a receipt, which the voter verifies and deposits in the ballot box.
  4. At the close of the electoral act, results are totaled, transmitted by each machine, and the corresponding minutes are printed.
  5. 90% of the ballot boxes are audited in the presence of the community.
  6. Copies of the minutes are given to the representatives of the political parties present, who transmit them to their own computing centers.

As observed, both voters and participating political organizations can verify the voter's intention multiple times during the electoral act, making the electoral results difficult to tamper with.[20][21]

Supreme Tribunal of Justice Intervention in 2020

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On June 5, 2020, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela (TSJ) declared the constitutional omission of the National Assembly of Venezuela and empowered itself to appoint the rectors of the National Electoral Council.[22] On June 11, 2020, the IV legislature of the National Assembly of Venezuela did not recognize the TSJ's decision and decided to continue the process of nominating candidates for CNE rectors, which was halted during the months of the coronavirus pandemic.[23]

Despite the lack of precedent or legal basis in the Venezuelan Constitution for TSJ intervention, on June 13, 2020, it appointed the new electoral directors based on the ruling declaring the legislative omission.[24][25]

Smartmatic and the Constituent Election

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Smartmatic, the company responsible for providing the electronic voting system in Venezuela, publicly denounced "data manipulation" during the elections for the Constituent Assembly. This denunciation was made at a press conference in London by the company's CEO, Antonio Mugica, who pointed out a discrepancy of at least one million votes between the official figures and those recorded by their system in August 2017. The National Electoral Council (CNE) of Venezuela, in turn, rejected these accusations, defending the official participation figure of 41.53%, equivalent to 8 million voters. CNE President Tibisay Lucena described Mugica's statements as "irresponsible" and "baseless".[26][27]

It is relevant to note that Smartmatic has been the provider of voting technology in Venezuela since 2004. However, the firm emphasized that, unlike previous elections, this time (2017), there were no opposition auditors present, who are considered essential as process witnesses. The absence of these auditors was due to the opposition's decision not to participate in these elections. Given the situation, several countries announced that they would not recognize the election results. The Venezuelan opposition had previously estimated a participation rate of 12.4% of the electoral roll, translating to about 2.4 million voters.[28]

After Smartmatic's denunciation, opposition leader Julio Borges stated that the company's declarations confirmed the opposition's previous allegations and described the situation as a "global earthquake." On the other hand, Antonio Mugica asserted that Smartmatic had irrefutable evidence of the manipulation of participation data.[28] Despite Smartmatic's significant contributions to various elections in Venezuela and other countries, the company has not been free from controversy. In the past, it was accused of having ties with the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. However, with its international growth, the firm appears to have prioritized its credibility and reputation over any previous relationship with the Venezuelan government.[28]

ExClé C.A

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The company ExClé C.A, a subsidiary of the Argentine company Ex-Clé S.A, was contracted after Smartmatic's withdrawal by Dr. Rafael Simón Jiménez, who was a CNE rector, to acquire voting machines in 2020. ExClé C.A was sanctioned by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the U.S. Department of State on December 18, 2020, after the 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election.[29][30]

Parliamentary Elections in Venezuela

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On Sunday, December 6, Venezuela will hold its parliamentary elections. These elections, called by the Nicolás Maduro government and widely boycotted by the opposition, have raised concerns and controversy over their legitimacy.[31] Maduro, who controls the country's judicial system and electoral bodies, is determined to reclaim the National Assembly in 2021. If successful, this would further consolidate his government's power and weaken the opposition, led by Juan Guaidó. Guaidó, recognized by many as Venezuela's interim president, would see his term as a deputy officially end on January 4, 2021.[31]

Several recent events have highlighted concerns about the upcoming electoral process's legitimacy. For instance, a new National Electoral Council was elected without National Assembly approval. Additionally, there have been judicial interventions in political parties and an illegal increase in the number of parliamentarians.[31] The outcome of these elections and how they are perceived internationally could have significant implications for Venezuelan politics and international relations in the coming years. Some countries, like Brazil and members of the Lima Group, have already indicated that they will not recognize the results if deemed fraudulent. On the other hand, the position of Guaidó and his international recognition could also be affected depending on the outcome and perception of these elections.[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Autoridades (in Spanish), National Electoral Council, April 2024, Wikidata Q129846732, archived from the original on 20 April 2024
  2. ^ "Venezuela: Maduro ruling party wins majority of 23 governors' offices". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
  3. ^ "Venezuelan Opposition Coalition Condemns Falcon Presidential Bid". Voice of America. Reuters. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
  4. ^ "Venezuela: "Fraude numérico" en Bolívar y más de 200.000 votos descontados en Miranda". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-17.
  5. ^ "Luis Almagro, ante el Senado de los EEUU: "Venezuela es el país más corrupto del continente, toda la estructura del Estado está tomada por el narcotráfico"". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-17.
  6. ^ "Ley de censo electoral y de elecciones, de 11 de septiembre de 1936" (PDF). 1936. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  7. ^ "Ley Orgánica del Sufragio y Participación Política" (PDF). Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  8. ^ Autoridades (in Spanish), National Electoral Council, September 2010, Wikidata Q129846981, archived from the original on 16 September 2010
  9. ^ Autoridades (in Spanish), National Electoral Council, March 2016, Wikidata Q129945342, archived from the original on 6 March 2016
  10. ^ "Indira Alfonzo asume como nueva presidenta del CNE" [Indira Alfonzo is the new president of the CNE]. El Universal (in Spanish). 13 June 2020. ISSN 1768-3076. Wikidata Q129845035. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024.
  11. ^ Autoridades (in Spanish), National Electoral Council, July 2020, Wikidata Q129942953, archived from the original on 23 July 2020
  12. ^ Autoridades (in Spanish), National Electoral Council, October 2021, Wikidata Q129944430, archived from the original on 27 October 2021
  13. ^ Ibis León (24 August 2023). "Quiénes son los nuevos rectores del CNE" [Who the new members of the CNE are]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Wikidata Q129857570. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024.
  14. ^ "El sospechoso giro de Aime Nogal en Venezuela: de rectora electoral de la oposición a ratificar la victoria de Maduro" [Aime Nogal's suspected flip in Venezuela: from electoral rector of the opposition to ratifying Maduro's victory]. El Observador (in Spanish). 8 August 2024. Wikidata Q129857000. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024.
  15. ^ a b Hawkins, Kirk A. (2010). Venezuela's Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective (1. publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521765039.
  16. ^ a b c Cárdenas, José (4 August 2015). "Now Is the Time to Save Venezuela's Elections". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  17. ^ a b Hawkins, Kirk Andrew (2010). Venezuela's Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521765039. OCLC 427439570.
  18. ^ a b "Now Is the Time to Save Venezuela's Elections". Foreign Policy. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  19. ^ a b c "El chavismo volvió a violar la constitución de Venezuela y designó a sus propias autoridades electorales de cara a las elecciones parlamentarias". Infobae. June 13, 2020.
  20. ^ "Reglamento General de la Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales" (PDF).
  21. ^ "Reglamentos Electorales". CNE.gob. August 26, 2020.
  22. ^ "TSJ del régimen declaró omisión inconstitucional a la AN para designación del CNE". El Venezolano Colombia. June 6, 2020.
  23. ^ "AN no reconocerá plazo de las 72 horas del ilegitimo TSJ y continuará proceso para designar nuevo CNE". Centro de comunicación de Asamblea Nacional. June 11, 2020. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  24. ^ "El Tribunal Supremo designa por la vía rápida a los nuevos rectores del Consejo Nacional Electoral". CNN. June 13, 2021.
  25. ^ "Quiénes son los nuevos rectores del Poder Electoral de Venezuela designados por el chavismo". 13 June 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  26. ^ "Smartmatic, la empresa a cargo del sistema de votación en Venezuela, denuncia "manipulación" en la elección de la Constituyente y el CNE lo niega". BBC News. August 2, 2017.
  27. ^ "Venezuela: empresa que hizo recuento de votos denuncia "manipulación"". DW. August 2, 2017.
  28. ^ a b c "La empresa a cargo del sistema de votación en Venezuela denuncia "manipulación" en la Constituyente y el CNE lo niega". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  29. ^ "Comisión Especial de la AN determinó que Empresa ExClé S.A ha coadyuvado procesos electorales fraudulentos desde el 2014". Confirmado. May 13, 2021.
  30. ^ "Estados Unidos sancionó a la empresa que proveyó el software al régimen de Maduro para sus elecciones legislativas". Infobae. December 18, 2020.
  31. ^ a b c d "Por que as eleições parlamentares da Venezuela são ilegítimas". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved October 23, 2023.
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