Foreign relations of Taiwan

Foreign relations of the Republic of China (ROC), more commonly known as Taiwan, are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, a cabinet-level ministry of the Government of the Republic of China.^[1]^[2] As of January 2024,^[update] the ROC has formal diplomatic relations with 11 of the 193 United Nations member states and with the Holy See, which governs the Vatican City State.^[3] In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations^[4] with 59 UN member states, one self-declared state (Somaliland), three territories (Guam, Hong Kong, and Macau), and the European Union via its representative offices and consulates. In 2021, the Government of the Republic of China had the 33rd largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices.^[5]

Historically, the ROC has required its diplomatic allies to recognize it as the sole legitimate government of "China", competing for exclusive use of the name "China" with the PRC. During the early 1970s, the ROC was replaced by the PRC as the recognised government of "China" in the UN following Resolution 2758, which also led to the ROC's loss of its key position as a permanent member on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to the PRC in 1971.^[6]

As international recognition of the ROC continues to dwindle concurrently with the PRC rise as a great power, its policy has changed into a more realistic position of actively seeking dual recognition with the PRC.^[7] Today, many international organizations that the ROC participates in use alternative names, including "Chinese Taipei" at FIFA and the International Olympic Committee (IOC), among others.^[8]

Historical context

The ROC government participated in the 1943 Moscow Conference, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, and the United Nations Conference on International Organization and was a charter member of the United Nations after participating in the alliance that won World War II. In 1949, the Nationalists lost the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and retreated to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu, forming a rump state. Despite the major loss of territory, the ROC continued to be recognized as the legitimate government of China by the UN and by many non-Communist states.^[9]

American foreign policy 1950–1971 called for full recognition and support of the government of China in Taiwan. As the Korean War (1950–1953) broke out, Taiwan was not allowed to send military support to South Korea. However, the Truman Administration resumed economic and military aid to the ROC on Taiwan and neutralized the Taiwan Strait by United States Seventh Fleet to stop a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) invasion and a potential ROC counter-invasion of the mainland.^[10] In December 1954 a US-Taiwan military alliance was signed as part of the American Cold War strategy in the Far East, in the determination not to allow Chiang Kai-shek's forces on Taiwan to attack China^{[citation needed]}, thereby setting off another even larger war between the United States and China.^[11]^[12]

The American military presence in Taiwan consisted of the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) and the United States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC). Other notable units included the 327th Air Division. Until the US formally recognized the People's Republic of China in 1979, Washington provided the ROC with financial grants based on the Foreign Assistance Act,^[13] Mutual Security Act, and Act for International Development enacted by the US Congress. A separate Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty was signed between the two governments of US and ROC in 1954 and lasted until 1979.^[14]

The US State Department's official position in 1959 was:

That the provisional capital of the Republic of China has been at Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa) since December 1949; that the Government of the Republic of China exercises authority over the island; that the sovereignty of Formosa has not been transferred to China; and that Formosa is not a part of China as a country, at least not as yet, and not until and unless appropriate treaties are hereafter entered into. Formosa may be said to be a territory or an area occupied and administered by the Government of the Republic of China, but is not officially recognized as being a part of the Republic of China.^[15]

In the past decades, the US had maintained a position to not support Taiwanese independence, and instead to have a One China policy that's guided by the Taiwan Relations Act, the three U.S.-China Joint Communiques, and the Six Assurances, and to expect cross-Strait differences to be handled peacefully, and oppose any unilateral changes to the status quo from either side.^[16]

1971 expulsion from the UN

In 1971, the UN expelled the ROC and transferred China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC).^[6] In addition to the ad tempus recognition of the ROC by a majority of countries before UN Resolution 2758, the ROC lost its membership in all intergovernmental organisations related to the UN. As the UN and related organizations like the International Court of Justice are the most common venues for effective execution of international law and serve as the international community for sovereign states, a majority of the countries aligned with the West in the Cold War terminated diplomatic relations with the ROC and opened diplomatic relations with the PRC.

The United Nations Charter's Articles 23 and 110, in its Chapter II, explicitly refer to the ROC, but the seat of "China" is currently occupied by the PRC. The ROC continues to maintain substantial relations,^[17]^[18] including with most of the non-governmental organisations^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] at the United Nations, in addition with the concern from UNESCO.^[26] The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations was signed and ratified by the ROC on 18 April 1961 and 19 December 1969,^[27] including Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes.^[28] It is entitled by the founding of the United Nations as the cornerstone of modern-day diplomacy since the Vienna Congress, Article 35 of 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties also applies to the ROC since 1971.^[29] Due to the ROC's insecurity and intolerance in the 1970s and 1980s after it was expelled by the UN as well as American influence,^[30] the ROC gradually democratized and adopted universal suffrage, ending under the one-party leadership of President Chiang Ching-kuo by lifting 38 years of martial law on the Communist rebellion on mainland China and establishing the new self-identity of Republic of China (system) on Taiwan in the international community, enacting Two Chinas states in the world. UN Resolution 2758 is non-binding on the international law regarding the international status of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and the ROC continues to seek opportunities to join UN Specialized agencies to become a Permanent Observer^[31] under the auspices of UN Resolution 396,^[32] which duly recommended the questions of debate on Chinese representation in the United Nations.

Elections

The first direct presidential election was held in 1996, and the incumbent President Lee Teng-hui was elected.^[33] As of 4 May 2015, ROC nationals are eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas.^[34] In the context of superpower and influential diplomacy, the ROC's traditional and stable allies include United States of America, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.^[35] The ROC's cultural diplomacy includes the establishment of the Taiwan Resource Center for Chinese Studies in 2012 in major universities around the world.

In the 2024 Taiwanese presidential election, Vice President Lai Ching-te, also known as William Lai, was elected as the new President of Taiwan, winning with 40.05% of the popular vote in Taiwan's most recent election that took place on January 13, 2024. Set to be sworn in on May 20, 2024, this election effectively underscores Taiwan's ongoing commitment to democratic governance amid escalating geopolitical tensions, particularly concerning its large neighbor, China. The election of President Lai, backed by his party, the Democratic Progressive Party, reflects a strong commitment to maintaining Taiwan's sovereignty and actively engaging in international diplomacy and regional security.

This electoral outcome was characterized by a notably high voter turnout, demonstrating deep public engagement in the face of both external threats and internal debates about Taiwan's strategic future. Central to the election debates were issues such as the enhancement of economic independence, military upgrades, and the strengthening of international alliances. Lai's victory not only validates his policy platform but also signals Taiwan's determination to maintain an independent course of action amidst ongoing regional tensions.

Under President Lai's administration, Taiwan is poised to enhance its international standing and forge stronger diplomatic relationships. Since taking office, Lai has pursued an expansion of Taiwan's strategic global partnerships, particularly with nations involved in the Indo-Pacific strategy, to counter China's regional influence. His efforts include advocating for new trade agreements and enhancing Taiwan's participation in international forums—areas where Taiwan has often faced marginalization due to diplomatic pressures from China.^[36]

The results of the 2024 election and the ensuing policies under President Lai's leadership are expected to significantly impact Taiwan's international relations and its role on the world stage. As Taiwan continues to assert its sovereignty and democratic values, the international community's response will be pivotal in shaping the political and economic future of the region.

Development assistance

Since 1950 Taiwan has given high priority to international aid, making its representatives welcome even in states without formal diplomatic relations. The policies provide generous aid without strict accountability conditions, especially in developing nations in Africa, Latin America, and the South Pacific. Building a reputation as a responsible and generous donor has earned it prestige, especially in contrast to the role of foreign aid in China's policies, such as the Belt and Road Initiative.^[37]^[38]^[39]^{[failed verification]}

The ROC is one of the main supporters of official development assistance,^[40] with the International Cooperation and Development Fund managing ROC's Foreign Assistance and International Cooperation projects.^[41]^[42] As of 2010, along with other US security allies including Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea in the Asia-Pacific region with Taiwan Relations Act, officials of the ROC have gained quasi-official level visits to the United States both in the governmental and political level, including the Taiwanese–US cooperative military guidance^[43]^[44]^[45] in the annual Han Kuang joint-force exercises.^[46]

Think tanks

Taiwan's political system has evolved in terms of increasing political liberalization. By the 1990s, Taiwan had a democratic system with multiparty competition, factionalism, a vigorous civil society, and many interest groups. Think tanks emerged because of the high prestige of expertise and the heavy demand for unofficial diplomacy necessitated by the loss of formal diplomatic recognition. Think tanks have played a major role in planning and operationalizing relations with countries around the world.^[47]

European universities, research centers, and think tanks have developed a new academic field of Taiwan studies, especially in Europe, because of the unique status of Taiwan in the world's diplomatic system. The scholars involved have a deep commitment to Taiwan studies and have developed a Europe-wide network of scholars.^[48]

Policies

Economics

The ROC's GDP was ahead of several G20 economies before 2012.^[49]

UN specialised agencies

As a non-member state of the United Nations, by participating as members in one or more United Nations Specialised Agencies^[50] and operating in a parallel political system with the CCP^[51] as in the case of Germany and Korea, the ROC may be granted a Permanent Observer status in organisations such as the IMF and World Bank.^[52]^[53]

Involvement and participation in the Asia Pacific Innovation Conference allows interaction with the Director of Economics and Statistics Division of WIPO, who directly reports to the Director-General.^[54]^[55]

International isolation

Due to "the absence of a cross-strait understanding" (1992 consensus),^[56] the ROC has encountered international isolation due to political and economic pressure from the PRC since the 1970s, and it has continued under the pro-Taiwan independence administration of the Democratic Progressive Party.^[57] Taiwan is not allowed to attend World Health Assembly, Interpol, International Civil Aviation Organization, or the United Nations' Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. Other forms of international isolation include measures against the activities of Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee, Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards (boycotted), and a ban on Taiwan journalists to acquire passes to United Nations and as well as UNFCCC meetings.^[58]^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]

Analysts argue that PRC's coercive strategy might have proven counterproductive as it has further united US allies (including Australia and the UK) in their response which in turn makes it more challenging for Beijing to achieve its intended geostrategic objectives.^[63]^[57]

The ROC's (multi-sector) civil society^[64] currently participates in 11 projects of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.^[65] ROC ranks 31st of 176 countries and territories in the 2016 Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index.^[66]

International disputes

In the 1970s many countries switched diplomatic recognition from the ROC to the PRC, including the United States, Japan and Canada. In October 1971, Resolution 2758 was passed by the UN General Assembly, expelling "the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek" and transferring China's seat on the Security Council to the PRC. The resolution declared that "the representatives of the Government of the PRC are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations." However, the eo ipso nature of Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction remained a contentious issue.^{[clarification needed]}

Many attempts by the ROC to rejoin the UN have not made it past the committee, due to PRC opposition and threats of veto. President Chen Shui-bian argued that Resolution 2758, replacing the ROC with the PRC in 1971, addressed only the question of who should have China's seat in the UN rather than whether an additional seat for the Taiwan Area could be created to represent the 23 million people residing in the Taiwanese mainland and other islands.

Since the 1970s, the PRC and ROC have competed for diplomatic recognition from nations across the world, often by offering financial aid to poorer countries as an inducement.^[68]^[69] As a precondition for diplomatic relations, the PRC requires that the other country renounce any recognition of the ROC. Since the introduction of the "pragmatic diplomacy" (務實外交; Wùshí wàijiāo) policy in 1991, the ROC has not insisted on consideration as the sole representative of China, and does not require nations that recognise it to end their relations with the PRC.^[70] For example, when Saint Lucia chose to recognise the ROC in 2007, Foreign Minister Rufus Bousquet said the decision "should not be construed as a severance of our relationship with the PRC".^[71] However, the PRC responds to foreign recognitions of the ROC by suspending relations with the other country.^[70]

On less official terms, the ROC is involved in South China Sea disputes over control of the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Brunei; and over the Paracel Islands, occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and by the ROC.^[72] The ROC government also claims the Senkaku Islands.^[73]^[74]

On October 14, 2024, China launched extensive military exercises near Taiwan in response to President Lai Ching-te's recent speech. Taiwan strongly criticized the move, and the U.S. raised concerns over rising tensions, with the drills marking part of China's broader pressure strategy.^[75]

Types of relations

Full diplomatic relations

Taiwan maintains full diplomatic relations with 11 member states of the United Nations and the Holy See (Vatican City), which is a United Nations General Assembly observer state.

States with full diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan
State	Region	Subregion	Relations established
Belize	Americas	Central America	1989
Eswatini	Africa	Southern Africa	1968
Guatemala^[76]	Americas	Central America	1933
Haiti	Americas	Caribbean	1956
Holy See (Vatican City)	Europe	Southern Europe	1942
Marshall Islands	Oceania	Micronesia	1998
Palau	Oceania	Micronesia	1999
Paraguay	Americas	South America	1957
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Americas	Caribbean	1983
Saint Lucia	Americas	Caribbean	1984–1997, 2007
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Americas	Caribbean	1981
Tuvalu	Oceania	Polynesia	1979

Non-diplomatic representation

A certain number of countries have official diplomatic relations with the PRC but also maintain some form of unofficial diplomatic relations with Taiwan. This number includes 59 sovereign states, 3 dependent or quasi-dependent territories, and the European Union.

Unofficial diplomatic relations typically involve an "Economic, Trade and Cultural Office" in Taiwan for the partner country, as well as a corresponding "Taipei/Taiwan/ROC Representative Office" representing Taiwan within the partner country. These unofficial offices generally function as embassies despite not being officially named as such. For example, the American Institute in Taiwan functions as the United States' de facto embassy, with the chairman and staff acting as unofficial government consulate officers who nevertheless perform duties that official embassies would undertake.

Various countries host Taiwanese representative offices within themselves but don't have representative offices in Taiwan. One country, Luxembourg, has a representative office in Taiwan but does not host a Taiwanese representative office within itself; Taiwan's interests in Luxembourg are served by the Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium. Taiwan also regards the European Union, with which it also has unofficial relations via the Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium, as a state entity in the context of international relations; the EU is a supranational union with a high level of integration between its member states, though each member state retains its national sovereignty.

Taiwan has unofficial diplomatic relations with Hong Kong and Macao, both of which are Special Administrative Regions of the PRC, though Taiwan does not have similar such relations with Mainland China (the PRC). Technically, Hong Kong and Macau are integral territories of the PRC, governed under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework. This means that Taiwan effectively has unofficial relations with parts of the PRC but not with the national government of the PRC itself. Taiwan maintains hostile relations with the PRC through the Mainland Affairs Council, whose counterpart is the Taiwan Affairs Office; neither office is considered to be an embassy by either Taiwan or the PRC, and both offices are operated within the home country rather than within the host country.

Taiwan has strong unofficial relations with Somaliland, which is a self-declared state in the Horn of Africa that is claimed as the territory of neighbouring Somalia, in a state of affairs that displays strong parallels to Taiwan's own sovereignty dispute with China.

Taiwan maintains a "Taiwan Economic and Cultural Office" in Guam, which is an external territory of the United States located in Oceania.

In 2021, Lithuania announced that it would open an unofficial representative office in Taiwan, and Taiwan likewise announced that it would open an unofficial representative office in Lithuania. The Lithuania office was due to open by fall (autumn) of 2021 in the Northern Hemisphere, which is essentially September to November inclusive.^[77] Relations between Lithuania and the PRC have simultaneously soured.^[78]

A certain number of countries have indirect unofficial diplomatic relations with Taiwan via third-party proxy countries. For example, the Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa serves the interests of Taiwan throughout a great number of countries in Africa that otherwise don't have any channels of communication with Taiwan.

Africa (4 states)

Asia (20 states and 2 territories)

Bahrain
Brunei
People's Republic of China (no direct relations with Mainland China)
- Hong Kong (SAR of the PRC)
- Macau (SAR of the PRC)
India
Indonesia
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kuwait
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Oman
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Thailand
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Vietnam

Europe (23 states and 1 supranational union)

European Union (supranational union)
- Austria
- Belgium
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Finland
- France^[83]
- Germany
- Greece^[84]
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania (Taiwanese office opened in November 2021, first one in the world to adopt the name "Taiwanese").^[85]
- Luxembourg (has an office in Taipei, Taipei does not have an office in Luxembourg; representation through Belgium and the EU)^[86]
- Netherlands
- Poland
- Portugal
- Slovakia (has an Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei, Taiwan has Representative Office in Bratislava)
- Spain
- Sweden
Russia
Switzerland
United Kingdom

North America (3 states)

Oceania (4 states and 1 territory)

South America (6 states)

No representation

The following states recognise Beijing and have no representation in Taiwan (including any non-political, non-diplomatic, non-intergovernmental representation):

Africa (50 states)

Asia (24 states)

Europe (22 states)

North America (13 states)

Oceania (9 states)

Cook Islands (state in free association with New Zealand)
Kiribati
Micronesia
Nauru
Niue (state in free association with New Zealand)
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Vanuatu

South America (5 states)

Relations with neither the ROC nor the PRC

A certain number of countries or sovereign entities do not possess full diplomatic relations with either the ROC or the PRC. This includes eight states with limited recognition, one member state of the United Nations, and one non-territorial sovereign entity (Sovereign Military Order of Malta).

Out of the eight states with limited recognition that do not possess full diplomatic relations with Taiwan, one of them, Somaliland, has strong unofficial relations with Taiwan, while another, Kosovo, has been unilaterally recognised by Taiwan but does not recognise Taiwan in return. The other six states with limited recognition are ignored by Taiwan diplomatically.

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a non-territorial sovereign entity; it claims and controls no territory, it does not consider itself to be a state, and yet it considers itself to be sovereign.^[87] The Order of Malta maintains full diplomatic relations with 110 sovereign states (including the Holy See), official relations with 5 other sovereign states, and ambassador-level relations with the European Union and the State of Palestine.^[88]^[89] The Order of Malta does not maintain full diplomatic relations with either Taiwan or the PRC.^[89] Even though the Order of Malta doesn't maintain full diplomatic relations with Taiwan, it has been involved in supporting Taiwan's participation in the UN-affiliated World Health Assembly during the COVID-19 pandemic.^[90]

Bhutan is the only member state of the United Nations that does not have full diplomatic relations with either the ROC or the PRC. The ROC has unilaterally recognised Bhutan as a country.

States without relations with the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China
State or sovereign entity	Recognised by the ROC	Unofficial relations	Notes
Abkhazia	No	No	Currently recognised by 5 UN member states and two non-UN-member states. Claimed by Georgia.
Bhutan	Yes^[91]	No	A United Nations member state. The ROC recognises Bhutan as a sovereign state.
Kosovo	Yes^[92]	No	Currently recognised by 104 UN member states and three non--UN-member states. Claimed by Serbia.
Northern Cyprus	No^[93]	No	Recognised only by Turkey. Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	No	No	Currently recognised by 46 UN member states and one non-UN-member state. Also known as Western Sahara.
Somaliland	Yes^[94]	Yes^[95]	Taiwan and Somaliland mutually established representative offices on 1 July 2020.^[95]
South Ossetia	No	No	Currently recognised by 5 UN member states and four non-UN-member states. Claimed by Georgia.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta	Yes^[90]	No	Non-territorial sovereign entity.^[87] No position on Taiwanese sovereignty.^[89] Engages neutrally with Taiwan.^[90]
Transnistria	No	No	Claimed by Moldova.

Relations switched from the ROC to the PRC

Taiwanese academics stated that if any one state switches its diplomatic relations to the PRC, it would create a domino effect, encouraging other states to do so as well.^[96] The Holy See (Vatican), the only European state that has diplomatic relations with Taiwan, made efforts in 2007 to create formal ties with the PRC.^[97] High-ranking bishops in the Catholic Church have implied that such a diplomatic move was possible,^[98] predicated on the PRC's granting more freedom of religion^[99] and interfering less in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in China.^[100]

States formerly recognizing the Republic of China and now recognizing the People's Republic of China
	Period of diplomatic relation
State	From	To:
Afghanistan	1944	1950
Argentina	1945	1972
Australia	1941	1972
Austria	1928	1971
Barbados	1967	1977
Bahamas	1989	1997
Belgium	1928	1971
Bolivia	1919	1985
Botswana	1966	1974
Brazil	1928	1974
Bulgaria	1947	1949
Burkina Faso	1961	1973
Burkina Faso	1994	2018^[101]
Burma	1948	1950
Cambodia	1953	1958
Cambodia	1970	1975
Cameroon	1960	1971
Canada	1941	1970
Central African Republic	1962	1964
	1968	1976
	1991	1998
Ceylon	1948	1950
Ivory Coast	1963	1983
Chad	1962	1972
Chad	1997	2006
Chile	1915	1971
Colombia	1941	1980^[102]
Congo-Brazzaville	1960	1964
Costa Rica	1941	2007^[103]
Cuba	1913	1960
Cyprus	1960	1972
Czechoslovakia	1930	1949^{[note 1]}
Dahomey	1960	1965
Dahomey	1966	1973
Denmark	1928	1950
Dominica	1983	2004
Dominican Republic	1941	2018^[104]
Ecuador	1946	1971
Egypt	1942	1956
El Salvador	1941	2018^[105]
Estonia	1937^{[clarification needed]}	1940
Finland	1919	1950^[106]
France	1928	1964
Gabon	1960	1974
Gambia	1968	1974
Gambia	1995	2013^[107]
Germany (Federal Rep.)	1955	1972
Greece	1929	1972
Grenada	1989	2005
Guinea-Bissau	1990	1998
Honduras	1941	2023^[108]
India	1947	1949
Iran	1920	1971
Iraq	1942	1958
Italy	1928	1970
Jamaica	1962	1972
Japan	1930	1937
Japan	1952	1972
Jordan	1957	1977
Kiribati	2003	2019^[109]
Kuwait	1963	1971
Laos	1958	1962
Latvia	1936^{[clarification needed]}	1940
Latvia	1992	1994^[110]
Lebanon	1954	1971
Lesotho	1966	1983
Lesotho	1990	1994
Liberia	1957	1977
	1989	1993
	1997	2003
Libya	1959	1978
Lithuania	1921	1940
Luxembourg	1949	1972
North Macedonia	1999	2001
Madagascar	1960	1972
Malawi	1966	2008^[111]
Malaysia	1964	1974
Maldives	1966	1972
Malta	1967	1972
Mauritania	1960	1965
Mexico	1928	1971
Nauru	1980	2002
Nauru	2005	2024
Netherlands	1928	1950
New Zealand	1912	1972
Nicaragua	1930	1985
Nicaragua	1990	2021^[112]
Niger	1963	1974
Niger	1992	1996
Norway	1928	1950
Pakistan	1947	1950
Panama	1912	2017^[113]
Peru	1913	1971
Philippines	1947	1975
Poland	1929	1949
Portugal	1928	1975
Papua New Guinea	5 August 1999	21 August 1999^{[note 2]}
Romania	1939	1949
Rwanda	1962	1972
São Tomé and Príncipe	1997	2016^[114]
Saudi Arabia	1946	1990
Senegal	1960	1964
	1969	1972
	1996	2005
Sierra Leone	1963	1971
Solomon Islands	1983	2019^[115]
South Africa	1912	1998^[116]
South Korea	1949	1992
South Vietnam	1955	1975^{[note 3]}
Soviet Union	1929	1949
Spain	1928	1973
Sweden	1928	1950
Switzerland	1913	1950
Thailand	1946	1975
Togo	1960	1972
Tonga	1972	1998
Turkey	1934	1971^[117]
United Kingdom	1928	1950
United States	1928	1979
Uruguay	1957	1988
Vanuatu	3 November 2004	10 November 2004^{[note 4]}
Venezuela	1941	1974
Western Samoa	1972	1975
Yugoslavia	1945	1955
Zaire	1960	1973^[118]

States that have never had diplomatic relations with the ROC but have relations with the PRC

States only ever recognizing the People's Republic of China as the Chinese state
Country	Year recognised the PRC
Albania	1949
Algeria	1962
Andorra	1994
Angola	1982
Antigua and Barbuda	1983
Armenia	1992
Azerbaijan	1992
Bahrain	1989
Bangladesh	1975
Belarus	1992
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1995
Brunei	1991
Burundi	1963
Cape Verde	1976
Comoros	1975
Cook Islands	1997
Croatia	1992
Djibouti	1979
East Germany	1949
Equatorial Guinea	1970
Eritrea	1993
Ethiopia	1970 ^[119]
Fiji	1975
Georgia	1992
Ghana	1957
Guyana	1972
Hungary	1949
Iceland	1971 ^{[clarification needed]}
Indonesia	1950
Ireland	1979
Israel	1950
Kazakhstan	1992
Kenya	1963
Kyrgyzstan	1992
Liechtenstein	1950
Mali	1960
Mauritius	1972
Micronesia	1989
Moldova	1992
Mongolia	1949
Monaco	1995
Montenegro	2006
Morocco	1958 ^{[citation needed]}
Mozambique	1975
Namibia	1990
Nepal	1955
Nigeria	1971
Niue	2007
North Korea	1949
Oman	1978
Palestine	1988
Qatar	1988
San Marino	1971
Seychelles	1976
Singapore	1990
Slovenia	1992
Somalia	1960
Sudan	1958 ^{[citation needed]}
South Sudan	2011
South Yemen	1968
Suriname	1976
Syria	1956
Tajikistan	1992
Tanzania	1961 (Tanganyika) 1963 (Zanzibar)
Timor-Leste	2002
Trinidad and Tobago	1974
Tunisia	1964
Turkmenistan	1992
Uganda	1962
United Arab Emirates	1984
Ukraine	1992
Uzbekistan	1992
Vietnam	1950
Yemen	1956
Zambia	1964
Zimbabwe	1980 ^[120]

Bribery allegations

Taiwan has been accused on multiple occasions of bribing foreign politicians to commence or maintain diplomatic relations.^[121] The ex-president of Guatemala admitted in a U.S. court taking $2.5m from Taiwan in exchange for continuing to recognize it diplomatically.^[122] Regarding Taiwanese "dollar diplomacy" in Vanuatu an observer said: "the methods Taiwan uses, bribing countries and politicians, are unjust, violate international law and disturb the global community. Bribery diplomacy won't last."^[123] Prior to Nauru choosing to recognize the government of the People's Republic of China, Taiwan had provided Nauruan government ministers with a monthly stipend of $5,000 in exchange for continuation of the Pacific island country's diplomatic relations with Taipei. Nauruan politicians, including President Marcus Stephen received secret funds. Other MPs received $2,500 a month in what was described as project funding that requires minimal accounting.^[124]

History

Taiwan was annexed by Japan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. In the Northern Expedition, the Nationalists defeated the warlords of the Beiyang clique and established a unified government for China in Nanjing. The United States recognised Republic of China (ROC) on 25 July 1928, the first government to do so.^[125] The Japanese occupied parts of China during World War II. After Japan's defeat in 1945, Taiwan was placed under the temporary administration of the ROC to handle the surrender of Japanese administration. The Chinese Civil War broke out again between the Nationalists and the CCP. The CCP gained control of the mainland in 1949 and proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC), while the Nationalists fled to Taiwan, taking the ROC government with them. In 1952, Japan renounced Taiwan in the Treaty of San Francisco without specifying to whom Taiwan is ceded.

In 2016, A. P. Winston, the author of Chinese Finance under the Republic, said, "chief sources of information on those matters of discussion which have been subjects of diplomacy" were official publications from the United Kingdom.^[126] Winston explained that only a few official reports from the Chinese government aside from the maritime customs sector had appeared at that point, and that the government of the ROC was "too poor, perhaps still too secretive, to make regular and full publication of statistics."^[126]

During the Cold War the ROC generally maintained an anti-communist stance, however during the late 1960s and early 1970s the government of Chiang Kai-shek undertook secret negotiations with Moscow. Even going so far as having the foreign minister suggest that the ROC would have their own "Warsaw talk" with the Soviets.^[127] Throughout the Cold War Wang Sheng was a driving force in diplomacy between the ROC and the anti-communist world.^[128]

After retreating there in 1949 Chiang Kai-shek never again left Taiwan, this required leaders who wanted to meet with Chiang to travel to Taiwan. The first head of state during the KMT era to make a state visit abroad was Yen Chia-kan in 1977 when he visited Saudi Arabia.^[129]

In September 2016, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs planned to disband fewer than ten of its embassies to allocate for a "New Southbound Policy".^[130]

Since 1990, the ROC has witnessed a net of 16 countries switch recognition to the PRC.

In January 2021, the European Parliament passed two Taiwan related resolutions. The first resolution contained statements of support for Taiwan's democracy. The second encouraged member states to work to "revisit their engagement policies with Taiwan" as well as to work together with international partners to "protect democratic Taiwan from foreign threats."^[131]^[132]

Number of countries recognising ROC and PRC
Year	Recognition of ROC^[133]	Recognition of PRC
1969	71	48
1971	68	53
1973	31	89
1978	21	112
1986	23	134
1990	28	139
2012	23	172
2013	22	172
2016	21	174
2017	20	175
2018	17	178
2019	15	180
2021	14	181
2023	13	182
2024	12	183^{[note 5]}

Bilateral relations

Cross-Strait relations

The Double Tenth Agreement signed on 10 October 1945 is the only legal document between the two parties. The following Political Consultative Conference [zh-tw],^[134] was engulfed by Cold War history and the American foreign policy of containment in East Asia after the Korean War.^[135] Before the Korean War broke out, the US was preparing for a coup d'état in mid-1950 to replace Chiang Kai-shek with Hu Shih and Sun Li-jen and neutralize the ROC's legal status under UN Trusteeship to block any legal claim of the PRC on Taiwan, as proposed by United States Department of State official Dean Rusk.^[136]^[137]^[138] The Formosa Resolution of 1955^[139] was passed unanimously by the United States Congress. Resolving the cross-Strait relationship required both sides to rethink definitions of basic concepts such as sovereignty, "one China" and unification.^[140]

The two polities of accession^[141] resulted in the PRC's Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the lifting of its martial law^[142] on PRC territory, and more recently the enactment of the PRC's Anti-Secession Law towards the ROC. The two sides have no cross-strait military confidence-building measures (CBM) "to improve military-to-military relations in ways that reduce fears of attack and the potential for military miscalculation".^[143]^[144] Nuclear tensions have risen since the PRC promulgated the Anti-Secession Law.^[145]^[146]^[147]^[148]

Neither Taipei nor Beijing sees their relations as foreign relations.^{[citation needed]} However, the government position that both Taiwan and mainland China are parts of the same state is not universally accepted among the people of Taiwan. In particular, the pro-independence Pan-Green Coalition considers Taiwan and China to be different countries. By contrast, the pro-unification Pan-Blue Coalition take the view that both Taiwan and mainland China are parts of the ROC. Former president Lee Tung-hui described these relations as "Special state-to-state relations".^[149] The Chen administrations described Taiwan and China by saying "...with Taiwan and China on each side of the Taiwan Strait, each side is a country.". Former President Ma Ying-jeou returned to the government position of the early 1990s, calling relations with Beijing special relations between two areas within one state. That state, according to Taiwan is the ROC, and due to constitutional reasons, neither Taipei nor Beijing recognises each other as a legitimate government.^[150]^[151]^[152]

The term preferred by Taiwanese and Chinese governments is "cross-strait relations", referring to the geographical separator, the Taiwan Strait. The constitutional position of Taipei is that the territory of the ROC is divided into the "Mainland Area" and the "Free Area" (also known as "Taiwan Area"). Administratively, cross-strait relations are not conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Taiwan, but by the Mainland Affairs Council, an instrument of the Executive Yuan. The relations with Hong Kong and Macau are also conducted by the Mainland Affairs Council, although not all regulations applicable to mainland China automatically apply to those territories.

Taiwanese and Chinese governments do not directly interact. Talks are conducted by China's Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) and Taiwan's Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF), privately constituted bodies that are controlled and directly answerable to the executive branches of their respective governments.

Until the late 1990s, Hong Kong and Macau were British and Portuguese colonies respectively. They provided neutral detour points for people and goods crossing the strait. They and Singapore served as venues for talks between the two sides at that time. One modus vivendi outcome of such talks was the 1992 Consensus, arising from a 1992 meeting in Hong Kong. Under this consensus, the two sides agree that both Taiwan and mainland China are under the same single sovereignty of China, but the two sides agree to disagree on which side is the legitimate representative of that sovereignty. Setting aside that disagreement, the two sides agreed to co-operate on practical matters, such as recognising certifications authenticated by the other side.^[153]

Relations between Taipei and Beijing warmed during the Ma government with the promotion of cross-strait links and increased economic and social interchanges between the two sides, but the 2014 local elections cooled them again.^[154] A high-level meeting was held on 11 February 2014 in Nanjing that marked the first time China recognised Taiwan's top government officials on matters across the Taiwan Strait.^[155] The thawed tensions were not welcomed by the Pan-Green Coalition for the Taiwan independence movement after the 2000 presidential election and to the ex injuria jus non-oritur basis^[156] of the Anti-Secession Law. A meeting was held on 7 November 2015 between presidents Xi and Ma to affirm the 1992 Consensus before the ROC 2016 general election and in the midst of US Navy tests of area sea claims.^[157] Following the election, Beijing cut off contact with the main Taiwan liaison body because of President Tsai Ing-wen's refusal to endorse the concept of a single Chinese nation.^[158]

Arab world

Egypt maintained relations until 1956, when Gamal Abdel Nasser cut off relations and recognised the PRC. Ma Bufang, who was then living in Egypt, was ordered to move to Saudi Arabia, and became the ROC ambassador to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia ended its diplomatic relations with the ROC in 1990. Ambassador Wang Shi-ming was a Chinese Muslim, and the ROC ambassador to Kuwait.^[159] The ROC also maintained relations with Libya and Saudi Arabia.

Africa

South Africa switched in 1998. Liberia recognised the ROC in 1989, and switched back to the PRC in October 2003.

In December 2016, the government of São Tomé and Príncipe switched.^[160]

Burkina Faso has recognised the ROC since 1994, but cut diplomatic ties in May 2018, establishing relations with the PRC. Earlier, Burkina Faso had rejected US$50 billion from China to break ties with Taiwan.^[161]^[162]

Eswatini

After Burkina Faso cut relations with Taiwan in 2018, Eswatini became Taiwan's sole ally in Africa.^[163] Taiwan has an embassy in Mbabane, Eswatini. On 7 June 2016, the National Police Agency and Royal Eswatini Police Service signed a joint, cross-border, crime fighting pact, which included exchanges, probes, personnel visits, professional skills enhancement, law enforcement and technical assistance.^[164] King Mswati III has visited Taiwan seventeen times as of June 2018, and has promised to continue recognising Taiwan instead of the PRC.^[165] As of June 2018, the Taiwanese Ambassador is Thomas Chen (陳經銓).^[166]

The Gambia

The Gambia recognised the ROC from 1968 until 1974, and then again from 1995 until 14 November 2013, when President Yahya Jammeh's office announced it had cut diplomatic ties with immediate effect.^[167] During this era Taiwan gave hundreds of millions of dollars in aid and loans to The Gambia, much of which was diverted by President Yahya Jammeh and those close to him.^[168] The PRC recognised The Gambia on 17 March 2016.^[169] Upon Gambian recognition the PRC immediately began to furnish them with aid. The repeated switch off between PRC and ROC recognition is seen as an example of checkbook diplomacy.^[168]

Americas

Dominican Republic

On 1 May 2018, the Dominican Republic switched. The government initially gave no reason, although it later said in the switchover ceremony that Taiwan was an inalienable part of China and that the switchover was to comply to the one-China policy. It was motivated by loans and investments worth US$3.1 billion. "History and socioeconomic reality" were cited as reasons for the switchover. Flavio Darío Espinal, a government executive, said that "In the following months and years, enormous opportunities for cooperation will gradually open up, not only in the commercial area, but also in the financial, technological, tourist, educational or energy fields. To take just one example, more than 135 million Chinese tourists visit international destinations annually. The establishment of these diplomatic relations will allow part of that tourism to flow into our country in the near future. And that is just one of the things that will improve."^[170]^[171]

El Salvador

On 20 August 2018, El Salvador broke ties with Taiwan and established them with the PRC. El Salvador now only recognises the PRC. Just like Panama and the Dominican Republic, the event was broadcast nationwide on radio and television. Hours before the announcement, Taiwan (ROC) announced that it had broken ties with El Salvador, citing the imminent establishment of diplomatic and commercial ties with the PRC (China). El Salvador's president said that his government had decided to make the switchover due to UN Resolution 2758.^[172] The Taiwanese government said that the switchover was not influenced by the Chinese government, but rather, the switchover was done in response to Taiwan refusing to fund the construction of Puerto La Unión [es] and the El Salvador's 2019 Salvadoran presidential election.^[173] In response, US Senator Marco Rubio said that El Salvador's decision was a terrible one and threatened to cut off funding for El Salvador. Rubio also said that the switchover could have been influenced by a promise (by the CCP) to help fund the current ruling political party in El Salvador to win again the elections there.

Guatemala

On 18 March 2014, Guatemala's former president Alfonso Portillo pled guilty in the Federal District Court in Manhattan to a charge that he accepted bribes in exchange for recognising the ROC. President Pérez Molina said that Guatemala's relations with the ROC were and are strong and that the Portillo confession would not affect diplomatic relations between the two nations.^[174] Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs declined comment.^[175]

Haiti

Haiti currently recognises the Republic of China over the People's Republic of China. In 2018, Taiwan offered a US$150 Million loan for Haiti's power grid in a bid to maintain diplomatic ties with the country once its neighbour, Dominican Republic severed ties with Taiwan along with Burkina Faso. In 2018, Haiti's president visited Taiwan to discuss economic issues and diplomatic relations.

Honduras

In 2021, it was reported the new Honduras Government elected in the 2021 Honduran general election led by the Liberty and Refoundation party was considering recognizing China.^[176] This announcement came on the heels of Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Panama having recently broken relations with the ROC;^[177] Taiwan lost a total of nine diplomatic partners during Tsai Ing-wen's presidency with the switch from Honduras.^[178] On 15 March 2023, the president Xiomara Castro said she has instructed her foreign minister to establish official relations with the PRC.^[179]

Taiwanese leadership criticized Honduras' transition by urging them not to "fall into China's debt trap". Honduras' foreign minister Eduardo Enrique Reina stated that the country had asked Taiwan to double its annual aid and renegotiate its debt to the island, which went unanswered. Taiwan's foreign ministry disputed this, stating that they were still actively engaged in bilateral talks with Honduras' government.^[180] President Tsai Ing-wen responded to the announcement by scheduling time to visit heads of government and state in nearby Belize and Guatemala.^[177] The ROC recalled its Honduran ambassador on 23 March, as Honduras began negotiations with the PRC.^[178] A 25 March statement confirmed that Honduras had completed the switch^[181] and their embassy opened in Beijing on 11 June.^[182]

Panama

On 13 June 2017, the government of Panama switched, breaking all ties with the ROC. Panamanians studying in Taiwan were given the choice of returning to Panama within 30 days or continuing their studies in China. Panama was motivated by promises of multibillion-dollar investments. The shift of recognition began with a letter sent in 2015 to the Chinese government that, according to Isabel Saint Malo, Panama's vice president, was titled "Panama wants to make ties with China". The contents of the letter have been kept confidential, as well as the reasons why it was sent. It has also been kept confidential who delivered the letter and assisted in the switchover process, a person described only as "a distinguished member of the Chinese community living in Panama".

The US ambassador to Panama, John D. Feeley, said that he had asked Panamanian President Juan Carlos Varela about the switchover in 2016 but Varela lied to him, saying that there were no plans to make the switchover. Feeley also said that Varela didn't tell him the truth until one hour before the nationwide announcement.

Others questioned why the Panamanian government continues to use equipment donated by Taiwan. The Panamanian government initially gave no reason, later saying that one reason was because "China is the second largest user of the Panama Canal" and President Varela said it was because he "couldn't accept it anymore" and "that's what every responsible leader would do". The Panamanian government officially said that Taiwan was an inalienable part of China and that the switchover was to comply with the one-China policy. The ROC government said that Panama was its "number one ally" and that it would not participate in Beijing's checkbook diplomacy. The Taiwanese government complained that Panama maliciously hid the switchover process until the last moment.

A Panamanian government agency later said that the switchover was because of Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen's violations and lack of regard to the 1992 consensus regarding China, Taiwan and the One-china policy. Panamanian newspaper La Estrella questioned the reasons Varela initially gave for the switchover, like "China has the world's largest population and the 2nd largest economy and user of the Panama Canal"; La Estrella called Varela's actions contradictory and said that the reasons Varela gave were the reality Panama has lived under for decades, so those couldn't be regarded as valid reasons for the switchover. The same newspaper also says that China's plans in Latin America convince Latin American nations easily, with apparent benefits in the short term but with dependency on China in the long term and that China is silently invading other countries and Latin America in general.^[183]^[184]^[185] There are also concerns that, in the long term, Chinese investments may control the Panamanian economy.^[186]

In the first year of diplomatic relations, 19 treaties were signed, including a Free Trade Treaty. Varela said that its main purpose was to allow Chinese nationals to easily invest in Panama. Controversies over the sudden switchover included lack of due process, unusually high levels of confidentiality, and the fact that a few weeks before the switchover, Taiwan had donated medical equipment to Panama. In 2018, the first flight from Beijing to Panama by Air China landed at Tocumen International Airport, with a technical stop in Houston. Varela called it a milestone in Panamanian aviation. Due to this new route, the Panamanian ministry of tourism expected at least 40,000 Chinese tourist visits per year. "History and socioeconomic reality" were later cited as reasons for the switchover. Varela said that the move was backed by diplomatic relationships dating from 1912 and that the move strengthened the existing relationships, despite the fact that those relationships were with the ROC, not the PRC. As a result, Panama City was almost immediately added to China's list of officially approved tourist destinations.^[187]^[188]^[189]^[190] The CCP government has offered the Panameñista Party-led government a free feasibility study for the planned 4th set of locks in the Panama Canal to gain a competitive advantage in bids for choosing the company to build the 4th set of locks, not to mention plans for a 1,200 hectare industrial park on the Pacific coast and a 4-hectare campus in Amador near the Biomuseo to house the PRC embassy in Panama. There are also fears that Panama could turn into a conflict zone between the US and the PRC, due to Panama's strategic location.

Paraguay

Paraguay recognizes Taiwan.^[191] Paraguayan leader General Alfredo Stroessner was a partner of Generalissimo Chiang. Many Paraguayan officers trained in Fu Hsing Kang College in the ROC.^[192]

Stroessner's 1989 ousting and his successor Andrés Rodríguez's reinventing himself as a democratically elected president, were immediately followed by invitations from Beijing to switch diplomatic recognition.^[193] However, the Taiwanese ambassador, Wang Sheng, and his diplomats were able to convince the Paraguayans that continuing the relationship with the ROC, and thus keeping the ROC's development assistance and access to the ROC's markets, would be more advantageous for Paraguay.^[194] Recognition of Taiwan was a matter of debate in the 2023 Paraguayan general election, with bilateral relations maintained after the results.^[195]

United States

The ROC and the US signed a formal treaty of commerce and navigation in 1948. ROC passport holders can thus be granted an E1 and E2 Visa, with indefinite renewal status, based on continued operation of their enterprise^[196] in the US.^[197] In 1979 the US recognised the PRC instead of ROC.^[198] Commercial^[199] (such as Trade and Investment Framework Agreement signed in 1994,^[200] TIFA^[201]^[202]^[203]^[200]), cultural and other substantial relations are currently governed, inter alia, by the 1979 Taiwan Relations Act. The Act does not recognise the terminology of "Republic of China". United States policy does not support or oppose Taiwan's independence; instead US policy takes a neutral position of "non-support" for Taiwan's independence.^[204]

US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Alex Wong officially^[205] visited the ROC in March 2018 to protest the amendment of the PRC Constitution that removed Presidential tenure restrictions.^[206] In July 2002, Minister of Justice Chen Ding-nan became the first Taiwanese government official to be invited to visit the White House after the switch.

While the US acknowledged PRC's One China Policy in 1979,^[207] it did not accept the PRC's claim on Taiwan.^[208]^[209]^[210] The unofficial name "Taiwan" was mentioned in the Three Communiqués between the United States and China. Consistent with the United States' One China policy, raising the ROC flag on an official government facility's property within US territory is not approved by the US.^[211]^[212]

Taiwanese passport holders are included in the US Visa Waiver Program for a stay of 90 days.^[213]^[214]

After 1979, the US-Taiwan Business Council continued to facilitate commercial activity (mostly semiconductor technology related) and arms sales service.^[215]^[216]^[217] The United States House of Representatives added an amendment to the fiscal year 2016 US defense budget that includes a clause urging the ROC's participation in the biennial Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise.^[218] The United States State Department has close bilateral cooperation with the ROC through Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs' Fulbright Program.^[219]^[220]^[221]

Recent disputes between the US and the ROC include the ROC's ban on the import of US beef and US pork, which was resolved after the ROC adopted the new standard of a maximum residue limit for ractopamine in both beef and pork.^[222]

In 2007, a measure was introduced into the United States Congress that would dramatically strengthen US ties with the ROC.^[223] The United States House of Representatives passed a resolution calling for the lifting of curbs on visits by high-ranking or top ROC officials. The Resolution noted that "whenever high-level visitors from the ROC, including the President, seek to come to the United States, their requests result in a period of complex, lengthy and humiliating negotiations." It further said: "Lifting these restrictions will help bring a friend and ally of the United States out of its isolation, which will be beneficial to peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific Region."^[224]

A bill was introduced to back the ROC's request to join the UN. The bill stated that the ROC and its 23 million people "deserve membership in the United Nations" and that the United States should fulfill a commitment "to more actively support Taiwan's membership in appropriate international organizations." The bill was introduced on 8 November 2007. The move was led by New Jersey Representative Scott Garrett.^[225]

Unofficial diplomatic relations are nevertheless maintained on both sides by means of de facto embassies, which are technically "private organizations" staffed and funded by the respective State Departments. The ROC's de facto embassy network is the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) with offices in Washington, D.C., 12 other US cities and many other countries without official ties. The US' analogous organization is the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT). As of 2010, officials of the ROC had made quasi-official level US visits at a governmental and political level.^[46]^[226]

The US State Department in July 2019 approved the selling of 108 M1A2T Abrams tanks and 250 Stinger missiles to Taiwan. The US Defense Security Cooperation Agency said that the arms sale serves "US national, economic, and security interests by supporting" Taiwan's "continuing efforts to modernize its armed forces and to maintain a credible defensive capability."^[227]

In August 2019, the Trump administration officially announced arms sale to Taiwan, worth $8 billion, which includes the latest Lockheed Martin-built 66 new F-16C/D fighter jets.^[228] China immediately criticized the deal, citing it as detrimental to its sovereignty and interests.^[229]

On 9 August 2020, US Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar arrived in Taiwan. It marked the highest-level US official visit to Taiwan since 1979.^[230] As retaliation, the Chinese force jets flew over the mid-line of the Taiwan Strait, which is in the air defense identification zone.^[231]^[232] The visit was also the highest profile visit since the introduction of Taiwan Travel Act.^[233]

In August 2022, the US House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi visited the island, an act that was strongly condemned by China.^[234]

China sent fighter jets and drones near Taiwan on 27 October 2024 in response to a new $2 billion U.S. arms package for Taiwan, escalating tensions in the Taiwan Strait.^[235]^[236]

Venezuela

In 2007, the Venezuelan government refused to renew visas for five members of the ROC commercial representation in Caracas.^[237]

Relations with Venezuela have worsened because of the increasing partnership between the socialist government of Hugo Chávez and the People's Republic of China, which has led to a more overt rejection of the Taiwan's legitimacy by Venezuela. During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, Taiwan has been supportive of Juan Guaidó and the opposition-led National Assembly.

Asia

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has had limited bilateral exchanges with the ROC since it declared independence in 1971. Bangladesh is the ROC's second largest South Asian trading partner in spite of a global slump. Bangladesh mainly exports garments, knitwear, jutes, leathers and handicrafts to the ROC and imports an assortment of textiles, machines, electronics, steels, and plastic.

India

Leadership meetings between ROC and India were carried out in the early 1940s before Indian independence from Great Britain.^[238] The ROC is included in India's Look East policy. Bilateral relations between India and the ROC improved starting from the 1990s, despite the absence of official diplomatic relations.^[239]^[240] India recognises only the PRC. However, economic and commercial links as well as people-to-people contacts have expanded.^[239] Like the PRC, the ROC disputes the Chinese border with India over Arunachal Pradesh. The ROC Constitution declares this area a part of South Tibet, and disputes the validity of the McMahon Line.

Iran

On 1 June 1920, a friendship agreement was signed between the ROC and Iran. Ratifications were exchanged on 6 February 1922, with effect on the same day.^[241] These relations came to an end in 1971 as Iran recognised Beijing. During the Iran–Iraq War, Taiwan was one of the only few countries that solely supported Iran. The two countries have a significant relationship in commerce and Taiwan imports a significant amount of its oil from Iran. An Iranian newspaper wrote on its front-page in December 2022 that Taiwan has a "legal right" to independence.^[242]

Israel

Due to the One China policy, Israel and Taiwan do not have formal diplomatic relations but each has a representative office in the other country and in practice the two countries have friendly relations.^[243] There is considerable contact in the areas of science and technology, including military technology.^[244]

As relations between Israel and the PRC have worsened due to the Israel-Hamas war, ties between Israel and Taiwan continue to warm and are driven by assertions that the two are both isolated democracies.^[245] Members of the Legislative Yuan set up the Taiwan-Israel Congressional Association on 23 February 2024 to promote people-to-people exchanges; cooperation in agriculture, technology and education; and bilateral visits.^[246]

Japan

Japan–Taiwan relations are guided by the 1972 Japan–China Joint Communiqué. Japan has maintained non-governmental, working-level relations with Taiwan ever since.

Korea

The ROC recognised the establishment of the First Republic of Korea in 1948 and considers the ROK government as the sole legitimate representative of the Korean Peninsula. Due to its anti-communist stance, the ROC does not recognise the Democratic People's Republic of Korea as a state.

On 4 January 1949, the ROC set up an embassy in Myeongdong in Seoul. On 23 August 1992 the ROK severed diplomatic relations with the ROC and then established diplomatic relations with the PRC as part of its Nordpolitik, the last Asian country to switch. In 1991 in the last months of the Cold War, Beijing and Seoul have established ROK and PRC liaisons prior to this and later turned embassies.^[247]

ROC Premier Lai Ching-te approved a total ban on trade between the ROC and the DPRK in September 2017.^[248] Taiwanese businessmen have been accused of selling coal, oil and gas to North Korea, as well as importing North Korean textiles and employing North Koreans in Taiwanese fishing vessels.^[248]

Malaysia

Malaysia operates a trade centre office in Taipei,^[249] and the ROC has an economic and cultural office in Kuala Lumpur.^[250]

Mongolia

Until 1945, Nationalist China claimed sovereignty over Mongolia, but under Soviet pressure and as part of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of August 1945, it recognised Mongolian independence. In 1953, due to the deterioration of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, it revoked this recognition and resumed considering it a part of China.^[251]^[252]

On 3 October 2002, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs recognised Mongolia as an independent country,^[253] although no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia.^[254] A Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office was opened in Ulaanbaatar, and Taipei excluded Mongolia from the definition of the "mainland area" for administrative purposes. In 2006, old laws regulating the formation of banners and monasteries in Outer Mongolia were repealed. Offices established to support Taipei's claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission,^[255] are dormant.^[256]^[257] However, the official borders of the ROC have not been changed.^[258] The official status of recognition is currently ambiguous, though in practice Mongolia is treated as an ordinary foreign power.

Philippines

The Philippines recognises the One China Policy, but has relations with the ROC through the Manila Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Manila. Both offices were established in 1975 and were organized as non-profit corporations. The Philippines is the focal country for the ROC's 2016–2020 Southbound Policy, where the ROC plans to push for greater ties. The push was initially welcomed by the Aquino Administration, however, the Duterte Administration was elected in May 2016, complicating the issue as President Duterte was seen as 'pro-China', and thus would prefer better ties with the mainland over Taiwan. Political analysts during a forum in Manila said that ties between the Philippines and the ROC would have been the best coalition in the Far East, if the South China Sea territorial disputes between the two nations did not exist. The Philippines supports the ROC's membership in UNESCO.^{[citation needed]}

Russia

In the Chinese Civil War, the Soviet Union had a tumultuous yet strategic relationship with the Kuomintang-led Nationalist China until 1949. In the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1958,^[228] Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev recommended the internationalization of the Taiwan Question and appealed to the United Nations and other multilateral organizations to intervene. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union called for the Ten Nations Summit in New Delhi to discuss the issue on 27 September 1958 as one of the precursors of the later Sino-Soviet split.^[259] Since the formation of the Russian Federation, Taiwan has exported many ferric materials to Russia in 2004–2005. In 2005, the total amount of the trade between the two economies was $2,188,944,473. Russia has a representative office in Taipei,^[260] and ROC has a representative office in Moscow.^[261] Russia keeps a positive balance in its trade relations with Taiwan mainly from crude oil, cast iron and steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemical products, ferroalloys, coking coal, timber, and chemical fertilizers. Russia imports mostly electronics and electronic parts, computers and computer parts, and home appliances. The two countries established unofficial diplomatic relations between 1993 and 1996. Taipei is targeting Russia for exporting opportunities and marketing potential.^[262]

Singapore

Singapore maintained unofficial relations with both the ROC and the PRC until 1992. It was decided in the Second Ministerial Meeting of APEC as chaired by Singapore in 1990 for the inclusion of the ROC commencing with the Third Ministerial Meeting in Seoul.^[263] After the establishment of diplomatic ties between Singapore and PRC on 3 October 1992, Singapore maintained close economic and military ties with Taiwan as part of its attempt to position itself as a neutral party. A diplomatic row broke out between China and Singapore when Lee Hsien Loong visited Taiwan one month before he was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Singapore.^[264] Singapore's Ministry of Defence moved to correct an erroneous report in the Liberty Times on a joint military exercise between the Singapore and Taiwan in March 2005.^[265] Singapore is the only foreign country to maintain military training camps in Taiwan, and continues to regularly send infantry, artillery, and armoured personnel there for training. The PRC has offered to support relocating some or all of these facilities to Hainan.^[266]^[267] On the issue of United Nations participation for Taiwan, George Yeo and Mark Chen, the two countries' Foreign Ministers at the time, engaged in a heated exchange of views in 2004 between^[268] Beijing's insistence that FTA can only be concluded among sovereign states complicates matters for Taiwan. Accordingly, Singapore and Taiwan signed the "Agreement between Singapore and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu on Economic Partnership (ASTEP)" in November 2013.^[269]^[270]

Vietnam

Taiwan–Vietnam relations are conducted on an unofficial level, as Hanoi adheres to a one-China policy and officially recognises the PRC only. However, this has not stopped bilateral visits and significant flows of migrants and investment capital between the ROC and Vietnam.^[271] The ROC is an important foreign direct investment partner to Vietnam.^[272]

Other than the PRC itself, Vietnam is the only communist country that maintains an unofficial relationship with the ROC.

Oceania

The ROC maintains diplomatic relations with three countries in Oceania: the Marshall Islands, Palau, and Tuvalu. The PRC has relations with 13 others (including Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu). The Pacific is an area of intense and continuous diplomatic competition between Beijing and Taipei, with several countries (Kiribati, Nauru, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu) having switched diplomatic support from one to the other at least once. Both the PRC and the ROC provide development aid to their respective allies. In exchange, ROC's allies support its membership bid in the United Nations. The ROC is one of Tuvalu's most important economic partners.

History

In September 2006, the first regional summit of Taiwan's Pacific Island allies took place, hosted by Palau in Koror City. The meeting brought together President Chen and delegates from the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands and Kiribati.^[273] It was to become a regular event, known as the Taiwan–Pacific Allies Summit.^[274]^[275] A second regional meeting was hosted by the Marshall Islands in October, and President Chen attended.^[276] This resulted in the Majuro Declaration, in which Taiwan's six Pacific allies re-stated their recognition of the ROC's sovereignty, and promised to support the ROC's attempts to join the United Nations.^[277]

In June 2007, the ROC donated an aid package of €700,000, distributed among eight Pacific regional organisations.^[278]

In January 2008, following the victory of the Kuomintang in the ROC's elections, Kuomintang MP Yang Li-huan stated that under the new government Taiwan's interest in the Pacific could decrease.^[279] Three days later, however, it was confirmed that ROC Vice-president Annette Lu would lead a diplomatic visit to the Marshall Islands, Nauru and Solomon Islands.^[280]

In March 2008, President-elect Ma was reported as saying that his government would put an end to Taiwanese "cheque-book diplomacy" in the Pacific (or more specifically, similar to the condition of cestui que use diplomacy).^[281] In May of that same year, Ma called for what he referred to as a "cease-fire" in the competition between the ROC and the PRC for diplomatic allies. This followed a scandal due to allegations that Taiwan's Foreign Minister James Huang had attempted to buy Papua New Guinea's diplomatic allegiance.^[282]^[283] Papua New Guinea's foreign minister Sam Abal subsequently confirmed that his country had no intention of recognising the ROC.^[284]

In October, Taiwan cancelled a scheduled summit with its Pacific Island allies. Although the authorities cited "preparation problems", Radio Australia commented that "the decision appears to be an attempt by the new administration of President Ma Ying-jeou to keep the island's diplomatic activities low-profile and avoid offending China".^[285] In June 2009, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that President Ma would "attend a [...] leadership summit between Taiwan and its South Pacific allies" in autumn. The summit, hosted by Solomon Islands, would be attended by the "heads of state of Taiwan's six allies in the region" and would focus on "countering the current economic contraction, climate change and how to strengthen the fisheries industry". Upon announcing the summit, the Ministry added that Ma had "developed a fondness for the Pacific region during his previous visit to Solomon Islands when he saw a handful of children at a market selling betel nuts and watermelons while wearing shirts donated by the people of Taiwan".^[286]

In July 2009, the ROC donated over €40,000 in a scholarship scheme benefiting students from Pacific countries, including those, such as Fiji or Papua New Guinea, that do not grant it diplomatic recognition. It donated €288,000 for regional development assistance programmes, to be used notably on access to water, sanitation and hygiene, renewable energy, solar photovoltaic assessments, fisheries management, education and youth training.^[287]

Taiwan has asked to be recognised as an official dialogue partner of the Pacific Islands Forum. That status is currently awarded to the PRC.^[288]

Australia

In February 2008, Australia reportedly "chastised Taiwan for its renewed push for independence" and "reiterated its support for a one-China policy".^[289] Australia-Taiwan relations are growing in non-political areas including an annual Bilateral Economic Consultation and both sides also established Joint Energy, Mineral, Trade and Investment Cooperation Consultation (JEMTIC) as well as an Agriculture Working Group meeting.^[290] Australia does not object Taiwan's participation in international organizations where consensus has been achieved,^[291] and Australia-Taiwan relations are commercially and unofficially-driven, such as the Australia-Taiwan Business Council,^[292] along with contacts in education, science, sports and arts.^[293]^[294]^[295]^[296]

Taiwan is unofficially represented in Australia by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canberra (which has branches in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane) while Australia is similarly represented by the Australian Office in Taipei. Taiwan has an official, government co-sponsored branch office of Taiwan External Trade Development Council in Sydney.^[297] The Australian Consulate-General in Hong Kong is responsible for Visa and Citizenship matters for applicants in Taiwan.^[298] Perth has sister city relations with Taipei City and Brisbane has sister city relations with Kaohsiung City.^[299]^[300]

Fiji

The ROC set up a trade mission in Fiji in 1971.^[301] In 1975, PRC established diplomatic relation with Fiji. The trade center became the Trade Mission of the ROC to the Republic of Fiji in 1988. In 1996, ROC and Fiji signed a 'mutual recognition' communique and Fiji set up its representative office named Fiji Trade and Tourism Representative Office in 1997 in Taipei. The Fiji office closed on 10 May 2017.^[302]

Kiribati

Kiribati, under the government of President Taneti Mamau, initially recognised the ROC but switched to PRC later on.

From 1980 to 2003, Kiribati recognised the PRC. Relations between China and Kiribati then became a contentious political issue within Kiribati. President Teburoro Tito was ousted in a parliamentary vote of no confidence in 2003, over his refusal to clarify the details of a land lease that had enabled Beijing to maintain a satellite-tracking station in the country since 1997, and over Chinese ambassador Ma Shuxue's acknowledged monetary donation to "a cooperative society linked to Tito".^[303] In the ensuing election, Anote Tong won the presidency after "stirring suspicions that the station was being used to spy on US installations in the Pacific".^[304] Tong had previously pledged to "review" the lease.^[305]

In November 2003, Tarawa established diplomatic relations with Taipei^[304] and Beijing severed its relations with the country. For the PRC, the presence of the satellite-tracking station had made relations with Kiribati relatively important; the station had, in particular, been used to track Yang Liwei's spaceflight.^[306] Therefore, for three weeks the PRC called upon I-Kiribati President Anote Tong to break off relations with Taiwan and re-affirm his support for the "One China" policy. Only after those three weeks did the PRC sever relations,^[307] thereby losing the right to maintain its satellite-tracking base. The ROC began providing economic aid to Kiribati, while Kiribati began supporting Taiwan in the United Nations.

In 2004, President Tong said he believed the PRC was trying to influence his country.^[308] The comment was mainly due to the PRC's refusal to remove all its personnel from its closed embassy.^[306] Tong stated that the Chinese personnel, who remained in Kiribati against his wishes, were handing out anti-government pamphlets; he told New Zealand journalist Michael Field: "I am sure if we did this in Beijing, we would be in jail in half a second".^[309] Tong's brother and main political opponent, Harry Tong, responded by accusing Taiwan of excessive influence on Kiribati, notably of influencing the country's clergy.^[308]

In 2008, Taiwan settled Kiribati's unpaid bills to Air Pacific, enabling the airline to maintain its services from Tarawa to Kiritimati.^[310]

In November 2010, despite their lack of diplomatic relations, the PRC was one of fifteen countries to attend the Tarawa Climate Change Conference in Kiribati, and one of twelve to sign the resulting Ambo Declaration on climate change.^[311] On 20 September 2019, Kiribati switched diplomatic relation from ROC to PRC.^[312]

Marshall Islands

The Marshall Islands recognise the ROC and maintain an embassy in Taipei. The magazine Islands Business reported that President Litokwa Tomeing, elected in January 2008, might turn instead to the PRC.^[313] However, in office Tomeing expressed continued support for ties with Taiwan and met with ROC Vice President Annette Lu when she visited the Marshall Islands on 29 January 2008.^[314]

Micronesia

Micronesia recognized the Republic of China until 1989, switching its foreign recognition to the People's Republic of China. In 2023, shortly before his term as president ended, David Panuelo wrote an open letter accusing Beijing of bribing Micronesian officials for recognition and to stay out of a potential conflict, as well as spying on the Micronesian government and personally surveilling him. He furthermore advocated for returning to relations with the Republic of China and held meetings with Taiwanese foreign minister Joseph Wu to determine if it was possible.^[315]

Nauru

Nauru recognized the Republic of China until 2024, before switching its recognition to the People's Republic of China.

In 1980, Nauru established official relations with the ROC. In 2002, however, the government of René Harris established relations with the PRC,^[316] and adopted the One China Policy.^[317] Consequently, Taiwan severed its relations with Nauru, and accused the PRC of having bought Nauru's allegiance with financial aid of over €90,000,000.^[318] A reporter for The Age agreed, stating that "Beijing recently bought off a threat by Nauru to revert to Taiwan only six months after opening ties with the mainland, offering a large loan to Nauru's near-destitute Government".^[304]

In 2003, Nauru closed its newly established embassy in Beijing. Two years later, ROC President Chen met Nauruan President Ludwig Scotty in the Marshall Islands. In May 2005, the ROC and Nauru re-established diplomatic relations,^[319] and opened embassies in each other's capitals. The PRC consequently severed its relations with Nauru.

The ROC is one of Nauru's two foremost economic aid partners (with Australia). In return, Nauru uses its seat in the United Nations to support the ROC's admittance proposal. Taiwan provides regular medical assistance to Nauru, sending specialised doctors to the country's only hospital.^[320]

In 2007, Scotty was re-elected, amidst claims that his electoral campaign had been funded by Taiwan.^[321] Scotty's opponents claimed that the ROC wanted to ensure that a pro-Taiwan government remained in power. Scotty was replaced by Marcus Stephen in December 2007. Following Stephen's election, President Chen telephoned him to congratulate him, assure him of the ROC's continued assistance for Nauru, request Nauru's continued support in return, and invite him to visit Taiwan.^[322]

Nauru remains the focus of diplomatic competition between Beijing and Taipei. In 2006, according to the New Statesman, President Scotty "was allegedly accosted by a horde of screaming Chinese officials who tried to drag him on to a plane to Beijing just as he was boarding one bound for Taipei".^[323]

In 2008, Nauru co-submitted a proposal to the United Nations, requesting that the United Nations General Assembly consider enabling "Taiwan's participation in the activities of UN specialized agencies". The proposal was rejected.^[324]

In 2011 WikiLeaks revealed that Taiwan had been paying a "monthly stipend" to Nauruan government ministers in exchange for their continued support, as well as a smaller sum to other members of parliament, as "project funding that requires minimal accounting". Reporting on the story, the Brisbane Times wrote: "One MP reportedly used his Taiwanese stipend to buy daily breakfast for all schoolchildren in his district, while others were happy to just pocket the cash". A "former Australian diplomat with close knowledge of politics in Nauru" stated that Nauruan President Marcus Stephen, Foreign Minister Kieren Keke and former President Ludwig Scotty, among others, had all accepted "under the counter" funding from Taiwan. The leaks revealed that "Chinese [PRC] agents had also sought to influence Nauru's elections through cash payments to voters, with at least $40,000 distributed in one instance in 2007".^[325]

WikiLeaks also revealed that Australia had, at one time, been "pushing" Nauru to break its relations with Taiwan and establish relations with the PRC instead. Then President Scotty had reportedly resisted on the grounds that it was "none of Australia's business".^[325]

In late 2011, Taiwan "doubled its health aid" to Nauru, notably providing a resident medical team on a five-year appointment.^[326]

From 11 June 2013 to 27 August 2019, under the government of President Baron Waqa, Nauru maintained its recognition of the Republic of China.

In 2018, a diplomatic row between the PRC and Nauru occurred at the Pacific Islands Forum when Nauruans would only stamp entry visas on personal passports of Mainland diplomats rather than diplomatic ones.^[327]

On 15 January 2024, Nauru chose to recognise the People's Republic of China, severing diplomatic ties with Taiwan.^[328]

New Zealand

While New Zealand does not have formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan, the two countries still maintain informal trade, economic, and cultural relations. Taiwan has two Economic and Cultural offices in Auckland and Wellington. New Zealand also has a Commerce and Industry Office in Taipei.^[329]^[330]

On 10 July 2013, New Zealand and ROC signed a bilateral Economic Cooperation Agreement.^[331]^[332]

Palau

Palau recognises the ROC, and is one of the few countries to maintain an embassy in Taipei. Diplomatic relations began in 1999, five years after Palaun independence.^[333] ROC maintains an embassy in Koror City.^[334] The ROC provides scholarships to Palauan students, as well as computers for Palauan schools. In 2008, Mario Katosang, Palau's Minister of Education, stated:

We were given 100 Windows-based computers by Taiwan. The education sector uses predominantly Apple Macintosh computers, so I mentioned that we may also need software. Taiwan immediately delivered 100 brand new copies of Windows XP, and offered to train our computer technicians.^[335]

Travel from the Mainland to Palau is illegal.^[333]^[336]

Taiwan and Palau entered into a maritime cooperation agreement in March 2019. Taiwan agreed to fund the building of an eight-ton patrol boat in Palau. The agreement also allows Taiwanese patrol boats to resupply in Palau, personnel exchanges, and joint training. The first joint exercise occurred on 23 March when the Taiwanese coast guard frigate Hsun Hu No. 7 conducted a patrol mission with Palauan vessels.^[337]^[338]

Papua New Guinea

Papua recognises the PRC.

In 2005, Papua New Guinea, along with Fiji, supported Taiwan's wish to join the World Health Organization.

Solomon Islands

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1983.^[339] A ROC consulate general in Honiara was upgraded to an embassy two years later.^[340] Since 2011, the Solomons' ambassador to the ROC has been Laurie Chan, a Solomon Islands national of Chinese ethnic background, and a former Solomon Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs who supported his country's continued relations with Taiwan.^[341]

After pro-Taiwan Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare was ousted in a vote of no confidence in December 2007, and replaced by Derek Sikua, ROC President Chen telephoned Prime Minister Sikua, offering his congratulations and Taiwan's continued aid, and requested the Sikua government's continued diplomatic support. Chen also invited Sikua to visit Taiwan,^[322] which he did in March 2008. Sikua was welcomed with military honours by Chen, who stated: "Taiwan is the Solomon Islands' most loyal ally. [...] Taiwan will never forsake the people or government of the Solomon Islands."^[342] Solomon Islands has continued to recognise the ROC under Sikua's leadership.

In June 2019, secret negotiations with Australia were reported that involved the Solomon Islands reassessing if they wanted to switch recognition to the PRC with an internal deadline of mid-September to make a change or leave the status quo.^[343] In early September, they announced their intention to change recognition to the PRC.^[344] On 16 September, it officially broke its ties with Taiwan, switching its recognition to the PRC.^[345]^[115]

In June 2020 the Premier of Malaita Province, a critic of the switch in recognition, accepted rice from Taiwan as state aid. This was criticised by the national government, who called on him to respect the country's foreign policy.^[346]

Tuvalu

Tuvalu recognises the ROC; Taiwan maintains the only foreign resident embassy in Tuvalu, in Funafuti.

Tuvalu supports the ROC's bid to join the United Nations, and Taiwan has provided Tuvalu with mobile medical missions.^[347]

In 2006, Taiwan reacted to reports that the PRC was attempting to draw Tuvalu away from the ROC. Taiwan consequently strengthened its weakening diplomatic relations with Tuvalu.^[348]

In 2019—shortly after Kiribati and the Solomon Islands ended their relations with the Republic of China—Tuvalu reiterated their support for the ROC.^[349]

Vanuatu

Vanuatu recognises the PRC. In November 2004, Prime Minister Serge Vohor briefly established diplomatic relations with Taiwan, before he was ousted for that reason in a vote of no confidence.^[350]^[351]

Europe

Belgium

In 2020, Belgium's Chamber of Representatives passed a resolution of support for Taiwan. In 2021, the Flemish Parliament did the same passing a resolution in support of Taiwan with 117 votes in favor, no votes in opposition, and four abstentions.^[352] Flemish wind power companies Jan De Nul and DEME are involved in offshore wind farm development in Taiwan.^[353]

Czechia

Relations between Czechia and Taiwan are significant. Jaroslav Kubera, President of the Senate of the Czech Republic, planned a visit to Taipei prior to his death, prompting threats of retaliation from China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.^[354] Kubera's successor, Miloš Vystrčil, however, led a delegation to Taiwan that arrived in Taipei on August 31, 2020.^[355]

Denmark

On 9 January 1950, Denmark became one of the first European countries to recognize the PRC.^[356] While Denmark has continued to maintain unofficial relations with the ROC ever since, they have primarily been related to trade, culture, science and economic affairs.^[357]

European Union

The European Union has emphasized human rights in its relations with Taiwan.^[358] It is the largest source of foreign direct investment to Taiwan.^[359]^[360] The European Union has unofficial relations^[361] with Taiwan through the European Economic and Trade Office, which was opened on 10 March 2003.^[362] Taipei is one of the major trading partners via the European Free Trade Association,^[363] and a trading partner with the Eurozone.^[364] Taiwanese passport holders with a listed identity card number do not require a Schengen visa to visit the Schengen Area; reciprocally, the ROC has also eliminated visa requirements for citizens of all EU countries.^[365]^[366]^[367] EU-Taiwan relations were debated in the European Parliament.^[368] Sixteen EU member states have established offices in Taipei, along with some functional offices.^[369] Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium is the unofficial diplomatic representation of Taiwan in the EU.^[370] Chinese Taipei is an observer^[371]^[372]^[373] in the OECD, which is headquartered in Paris, France. ROC's Civil Service Protection and Training Commission (CSPTC) and the Belgian Training Institute of the Federal Administration (TIFA) signed Memorandum of Understanding on 7 November 2014 for workshop attendance of public servants that highlighted leadership, innovation and conflict management, as well as global competitiveness strategies in Brussels.^[374] The EU rejects granting Mainland China market economy status.^[375]

Germany

In January 2021 the German government appealed to the Taiwanese government to help persuade Taiwanese semiconductor companies to ramp up production as a global semiconductor shortage was hampering the German economy's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. A lack of semiconductors had caused vehicle production lines to be idled leading German Economy Minister Peter Altmaier to personally reach out to Taiwan's economics affairs minister Wang Mei-hua in an attempt to get Taiwanese semiconductor companies to increase their manufacturing capacity.^[376]

Holy See (Vatican City)

Diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the Republic of China were established on 23 October 1942^[377] and, with the presentation by Archbishop Antonio Riberi of his letter of credence to the President in 1946, the Holy See's Apostolic Delegation in China gained diplomatic status.^[378]^[379]

The Holy See attempted to switch recognition to the CCP/PRC after the end of the civil war but were rebuffed and so ended up recognizing the KMT/ROC on Taiwan. The Holy See and the Republic of China have recognized each other ever since.^[380] The Holy See maintains negotiations with the PRC for recognition; however, the Holy See has given the ROC assurances that any negotiations with the PRC will not come at the expense of their relations with the ROC.^[381]

Italy

Until 1970, Taiwan, as the Republic of China, was represented by an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.^[382] This was separate from the Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See, which, while located in Italian territory, remains accredited to Vatican City.^[383] This led to confusion in 1989 following the Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing, when Italians protested outside the embassy, believing it to be that of the People's Republic of China.^[384]

In 2014, Taiwan decided not to participate in Expo 2015 in Milan after the Italian government proposed that it be represented as a corporate entity rather than as a country.^[385]

In 2020, Taiwan donated equipment and supplies to Italy as part of its medical diplomacy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Equipment donated included 15 respirators donated to WHO hospitals in the hard-hit Lombardy region in April 2020.^[386]

Latvia

Today bilateral relations between Latvia and Taiwan are positive, with established economic ties, a visa-free travel regime in place between the two nations and the support of some Latvian parliamentarians towards the participation of the ROC in organizations such as the World Health Organization.^[387]

Lithuania

In November 2021, Taiwan opened its representative office in Vilnius under the name of "Taiwanese" (the first under this name in the world), with the Lithuanian office in Taipei to open in Spring 2022.^[388]^[389] Subsequently, the People's Republic of China has imposed numerous unofficial economic sanctions on Lithuania, recalled its ambassador in Vilnius, Shen Zhifei, and demanded Lithuania recall its ambassador in Beijing, Diana Mickevičienė.^[390]^[391]

The Netherlands

Netherlands–Taiwan relations go back to the 1600s when the Dutch East India Company set up a colony on Taiwan. In the modern era they are defined by the high degree of foreign direct investment which flows between the two countries and long lasting economic partnerships between Dutch and Taiwanese firms.^[392]

In 2020 the Netherlands' House of Representatives passed a motion supporting Taiwan's participation in international organizations.^[393]

North Macedonia

North Macedonia recognized the ROC in 1999, but switched in 2001 after the PRC imposed economic sanctions and used a rare veto on the UN Security Council to block peacekeeping efforts.^[394] In addition, North Macedonia was the first European country to sign a military agreement with Taiwan.^[395]

Slovakia

In 2021, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of Slovakia passed a resolution to support the attendance of Taiwan to the World Health Assembly.^[396]

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom's relations with Taiwan^[397] are conducted unofficially through the British Office Taipei^[398] and the British Council in Taipei.

After the Chinese Civil War and the retreat of the KMT government to Taiwan, the United Kingdom broke off diplomatic relations with the Republic of China and recognised the People's Republic of China from 6 January 1950.^[399] In September 1962, Taiwan opened a representative office in London under the name of the Free Chinese Centre, which was later renamed the Taipei Representative Office in the U.K. from April 1992.^[400] The United Kingdom opened a representative office in Taipei in 1993 under the name of the British Trade and Cultural Office, which was later renamed the British Office Taipei in 2015.^[401]

In September 2020, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office ministers stated that the UK hopes Taiwan is allowed to attend the World Health Assembly as an observer.^[400]

Overseas representation in Taiwan

Embassy

Americas

Oceania

Europe

Holy See

Africa

Eswatini

Office

Africa

Nigeria
Somaliland (de facto state)
South Africa

Asia Pacific

West Asia

Europe

North America

Latin America

Multilateral organisations in Taiwan

European Union Taiwan Office – European Economic and Trade Office

Free trade agreements

Guatemala – July 2005
Paraguay – February 2018
Eswatini – June 2018

International organizations

Under pressure from the PRC, the ROC has been excluded from, or downgraded in, many international organizations. In other cases, ROC may retain full participation, due to the usage of names such as "Chinese Taipei" or "Taiwan".

Note

Membership in 39 intergovernmental international organizations or their affiliated institutions
Participate in 25 intergovernmental international organizations or their affiliated institutions as observers

^[402]

Use of name

Participated in 37 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Chinese Taipei".
Participated in 8 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Republic of China".
Participated in 6 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Taiwan".
Participated in 6 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Taiwan (ROC)".
Participated in 5 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Chinese Taipei".

Below is a list of such international organizations with the name by which Taiwan is known in each:

Academic Council of the United Nations System (ACUNS) (participates as "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York")^[403]
Association of Asia Pacific Airlines (AAPA) (included as Member Airlines)^[404]
Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) (participates as "Republic of China (Taiwan)")^[405]
Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation (AITIC) (participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu")
Amnesty International (AI) (participates as "Taiwan",^[406]^[407]^[408] ROC's Legislative Yuan debated and ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on 31 March 2009.^[409])
Asia Council (covered as "Taiwan")^[410]
Asian Federation of Biotechnology (AFOB)^[411] (participates as Biochemical Engineering Society of Taiwan (BEST))^[412]
Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP)^[413] (NGO in Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, participates as Taiwan)^[414]
Asia News Network (ANN) (participates as The China Post)^[415]
Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI)^[416] (participates by Council of Agriculture)^[417]
Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG) (participates as Chinese Taipei)^[418]
Asia Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT)(participates as the economy of Taiwan)^[419]
Asian and Oceanian Stock Exchanges Federation (AOSEF) (participates as "Taiwan Stock Exchange Corp.")^[420]^[421]
Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA) (participates by Taiwan Association for Human Rights)^[422]
Asian Network of Major Cities 21 (ANMC21) (participates as Taipei City)^[423]
Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils^[424] (AASSREC)(participates as associate member of Academia Sinica – Taipei)^[425]
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (presents the Turing Award, participates as "Taiwan")^[426]^[427]
Association for Financial Professionals (AFP)^[428] (provide country-specific information as "Taiwan")^[429]
Association of Future Markets^[430] (AFM) (participates as "Taiwan Futures Exchange" (TAIFEX))^[431]
Association Montessori Internationale^[432] (AMI) (officially participates as "Taiwan/China", according to UN's definition of the territory of Taiwan and Taiwan, Province of China, which is separated from China)^[433]
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (referred to as "Taiwan (ROC)")^[434]
Asian Productivity Organization^[435] (APO) (participates as Republic of China)^[436]^[437]^[438]^[439]
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (on the basis of the Memorandum of Understanding of 1991^[440]^[441] and partaking APEC Business Travel Card scheme) (participates as "Chinese Taipei")^[442]
Asian Development Bank (ADB) (participates as "Taipei,China")^[443]^{[note 6]}
Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) (located in the Kasumigaseki Building, participates as Taipei, China)^[445]^[446]
Association for Information Systems (AIS) (participates as "Taiwan")^[447]
Association of Asian Election Authorities^[448] (AAEA) (participates as Republic of China (Taiwan))^[449]
Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) (participates as the economy of Taiwan by Taiwan Network Information Center)^[450]^[451]
Asian-Pacific Parliamentarians' Union (APPU)^[452] (held the 16th and 40th plenary meeting, participates as Republic of China)^[453]^[454]
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) (referred to as "Taiwan")^[455]
Belmont Forum^[456] (Belmont Forum is a member of the Science and Technology Alliance for Global Sustainability,^[457] engaged by Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan)^[458])
Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (participates as "Taiwan")^[459]
Boao Forum for Asia (BFA) (participates as "Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation"^[460])^[461]
Banco Centralamericano de Integración Economico (BCIE or CABEI) (participates as Republic of China)
British Council (administers international distance education exams and professional exams and on behalf of other international exam boards in Taiwan)^[462]
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) (with Member States of Belize, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines recognising Republic of China)
Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development (CEERD)^[463] (in contact with as "Chinese Taipei")^[464]
Conservation International (CI) (listed in the annual Ocean Health Index)^[465]
Consumers International (CI) (participates as "Consumers Foundation Chinese Taipei")^[466]
Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) (participates as "participant with individual capacity"^[467]^[468] in this "Track Two of Asia-Pacific Diplomacy"^[469])^[470]^[471]
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) (participates as Taiwan, China)^[472]^[473]^[474]
Citizen Cyberscience Centre (CCC)^[475] (founded by United Nations Institute for Training and Research, participates by Academia Sinica)
Cumulus^[476] (recognised by UNESCO since 2011, participates as Taiwan(China))^[477]
Education International (EI) (participates as Taiwan)^[478]^[479]
Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units (participates as "Taiwan")^[480]
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) (has a long-standing cooperation with the EBRD as "Taipei China")^[481]
European Patent Office (EPO) (included in the Asian Patent Information as Chinese Taipei)^[482]
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) (has scientific contacts as China (Taipei))^[483]^[484]
Food and Fertilizer Technology Center^[485] (FFTC) (participates as "Taiwan")^[486]
Free Access to Law Movement (FALM) (participates as Taiwan Legal Information Institute)^[487]^[488]
European Pharmacopoeia (participates as an observer by Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Republic of China))^[489]
European Research Council (ERC) (a member of National Contact Points of ERC funding opportunities, participates as Taiwan)^[490]
European Southern Observatory (ESO) (participates the Atacama Large Millimeter Array/submillimeter Array (ALMA) project by Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan, and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) (now (Ministry of Science and Technology (Republic of China))))^[491]^[492]^[493]
Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) (participates as Fairtrade Taipei City)^[494]
Fédération Internationale de Philatélie (FIP) (in partnership with United Nations Postal Administration and Universal Postal Union, participates as Chinese Taipei)^[495]
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (due to PRC's political pressure, participates in various subsidiary organizations as "China – Taipei", including Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Asia and Pacific Seed Association)^[496]
FIABCI^[497] (participates as "Chinese Taiwan")^[498]
FreedomInfo.org^[499] (links the efforts of freedom of information advocates globally, included as Taiwan)^[500]
Freemasonry (participates as Grand Lodge of China)^[501]
Institute of International Education (IIE) (participates through the Fulbright program^[221] of Council for International Exchange of Scholars^[502] as Taiwan (Republic of China))^[503]
International Basketball Federation (FIBA) (participates as Chinese Taipei)^[504]
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) (participates as Chinese Taipei)^[505]
Human Rights Watch (HRW) (involved as "Taiwan")^[506]
IFEX (spotlighted as Taiwan)^[507]
International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH) (participates as Chinese Taipei)^[508]
International Association of Public Transport (UITP) (participates as "Taiwan")^[509]^[510]
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (signed a trilateral agreement^[511] with the United States and the IAEA in 1971 stating that ROC continue to abide by the terms of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. While not a member of the IAEA, Taiwan does continue to subscribe to the IAEA's safeguards under two agreements, INFCIRC/133 and INFCIRC/158.^[512])
International Association of Judges^[513]^[514] (IAJ) (as a professional and non-political international organization, that the association has consultative status with the United Nations (namely the International Labour Office and the U.N. Economic and Social Council) and with the Council of Europe, participates as "Republic of China (Taiwan)")^[515]
International Air Transport Association (IATA)(included as Taiwan/Chinese Taipei)^[516]^[517]
International Bar Association (IBA) (participates section-ally as "Taiwan")^[518]^[519]
International Baccalaureate (IB)^[520] (There are 4 IB World Schools in Taiwan offering one or more of the three IB programmes;^[521] however, there currently there are no universities in Taiwan recognising IB.^[522])
International Business Innovation Association (IBIA) (participates by Institute for Information Industry)^[523]
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) (included as Taiwan CBL)^[524]
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)^[525] (ICC participates in the activities of UNCTAD,^[526] including International Court of Arbitration,^[527] participates as Chinese Taipei)^[528]^[529]
International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) (affiliates by the Taipei Bar Association^[530])^[531]^[532]
International Competition Network (ICN) (participates as Taiwan Fair Trade Commission)^[533]
International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) (participates as Chinese Taipei)^[534]
International Council of Museums (ICM) (participates as Taiwan in the Board of ICM)^[535]^[536]
International Cospas-Sarsat Programme (Cospas-Sarsat) (participates as International Telecommunication Development Company (Chinese Taipei) (ITDC))^[537]
International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW)^[538] (participates as "Taiwan" in the ICSW North East Asia Region)^[539]
International Council of Women (ICW) (participates as Taiwan, Republic of China)^[540]
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) (originally associated from the UNESCO,^[541]^[542] participates as "Chinese Taipei".)^[543]
International Council for Information Technology in Government Administration (ICA)^[544] (participates as "Taiwan")^[545]
International Council for Science (ICSU) (participates as China: Taipei, Academy of Sciences located in Taipei)^[546]
International Council of Graphic Design Associations (Icograda) (with international alliances of ISO, UNESCO's Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity, UNIDO and WIPO,^[547] participates as Taiwan (Chinese Taipei))^[548]
International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) (participates as Taiwan (Chinese Taipei))^[549]
International Democrat Union (IDU) (participates as "Taiwan")^[550]
International Energy Agency (IEA) (included as a non-member country as "Chinese Taipei")^[551]
International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organization^[552] (IFRRO) (participates as Chinese Oral & Literary Copyright Collective Management Association)^[553]
International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) (participates as "Taiwan, China")^[554]
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) (listed in the voter turnout data as Taiwan)^[555]
International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA) (referred to as "Taiwan" as IREA is co-hosted in the Steering Committee in the REN21)^[556]
International Press Institute(IPI)(participates as Taiwan (ROC))^[557]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)^[558] (participates as "IEEE Taipei Section"^[559] and "IEEE Tainan Section"^[560])
Institute of International Finance (IIF) (participates as Mega International Commercial Bank, "Taiwan, China")^[561]
International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP) (participates as "Taiwan Provincial Farmers Association")^[562]
International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) (participates as "Taiwan")^[563]
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (participates as "Taiwan")^[564]
International Labour Organization (ILO) (referred to as "Taiwan, Province of China")^[565]
International Life Saving Federation (ILSF) (referred to as "Taiwan, China")
International Maritime Organization (IMO) (referred to as "Taiwan, Province of China")
International Monetary Fund (IMF) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China"^[566]^[567] and enhances ROC's sovereignty by indirectly channeling IMF through the Special Exchange Rate Agreement signed with the WTO^[568])^[569]^[570]
International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education^[571] (INQAAHE)^[572] (participates as observer as "Taiwan")^[573]
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China")^[574]
International Olympic Committee (IOC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei" and bid for 2019 Asian Games by the Taipei City Government^[575])^[576]
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) remains unofficial relations with the ICRC and referred as the "Taiwan Red Cross Organization" under the category of Public Sources.^[577] (see page 476)
International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations (IFABC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei")^[578]
International Institute of Business Analysis (IIBA) (Endorsed Education Provided by Maestro Project Management Consultants Co., Ltd)^[579]
International Law Association (ILA) (participates as "Chinese (Taiwan) branch")^[580]
International Police Association (IPA) (Invited to join as Foreign Associate Members (FAMs))^[581]
International Police Executive Symposium^[582] (IPES) (IPES is in special consultative status by the United Nations,^[583] contains World Police Encyclopedia,^[584] assigned as "Taiwan")^[585]
InterAcademy Panel (IAP) (participates as Academia Sinica, Taipei, China)^[586]
International Social Security Association (ISSA) (participates as "Taiwan")^[587]
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (included in the National Numbering Plan as "Taiwan, China")^[588]
International Trade Centre (ITC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei")^[589]
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) (participates as Taiwan)^[590]
International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) (participates as Taiwan)^[591]
International Union of Railways (UIC) (participates as "Taiwan (China)")^[592]
International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) (participates as "China -Taipei")^[593]
Internet Society(ISoc)(participates as ISOC Taiwan Chapter)^[594]^[595]
International Organization of Securities Commissions(IOSCO)(works intensively with the G20 and the Financial Stability Board (FSB) on the global regulatory reform agenda,^[596] participates as Affiliate Members of IOSCO as Chinese Taipei)^[597]^[598]
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics(IUPAP)(participates as China: The Physical Society located in Taipei)^[599]
League of Historical Cities^[600] (participates as Tainan, "Chinese Taipei")^[601]
London Metal Exchange (LME) (the largest metal stock exchange in the world, approved Kaohsiung, Taiwan as a good delivery point for primary aluminium, aluminium alloy, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc and as the LME's ninth location in Asia on 17 June 2013.)^[602]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (participates as National Space Organization)^[603]
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (referred to as "Taiwan")^[604]^[605]^[606]
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei" as a fishing entity)^[607]
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (participates as "Chinese Taipei" as an observer)^[608]
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (listed by economic cooperation as "Taiwan")^[609]
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) (conducts regular dialogue as Taiwan/ROC Forum countries dialogue and issues diplomatic Joint Statement at each dialogue conference)^[610]
Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei")^[611]
Property Rights Alliance (PRA) (indexed as Taiwan)^[612]
Public Services International (PSI) (participates as Taiwan)^[613]^[614]
Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (RFMOs) (participates as a fishing entity on the basis of United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement)^[615]^[616]
Reporters Without Borders (RWB) (included as "Taiwan"^[617] and first Asian Bureau opened in 2017 by RWB in Taipei City^[618])
Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA) (participates as Republic of China as the Extra-regional Observer)^[619]^[620]
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (to replace the UN Millennium Development Goals once they expire at the end of 2015, included as Taiwan in the World Happiness Report of United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network)^[621]
SEACEN^[622] (participates as Central Bank, "Chinese Taipei")^[623]
Seoul Accord (participates as IEET(Chinese Taipei))^[624]
South East Asia Regional Computer Confederation (SEARCC) (SEARCC is an affiliate member of the International Federation for Information Processing,^[625] participates as Taiwan-Computer Society of Republic of China)^[626]
Study Group on Asian Tax Administration and Research (SGATAR)^[627] (participates as Chinese Taipei)
Summit for Democracy (participates as Taiwan)^[628]
Transparency International (TI) (to lend impetus on the formation of United Nations Convention against Corruption and OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, participates as "Chinese Taipei")^[629]
United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) (participates as "China")^[630]^[631]
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (referred to as "Taiwan")^[632]^[633]^[634]
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) (to be considered separately from PRC, but has not attained neither CISG^[635] status nor Model Law status^[636]
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China")^[637]
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DESA) (assorted as "Taiwan Province of China")^[638]
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) (over-sighted as "Taiwan Province of China")^[639]^[640]
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN–HABITAT) (included as "Taiwan Province of China")^[641]^[642]
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China")^[643]
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) (researched and referred as "Taiwan")^[644]^[645]
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (covered as Taiwan (China))^[646]
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China")^[647]^[648]
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) (researched as "Taiwan Province of China")^[649]
United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) (referred to as Taiwan, Province of China)^[650]
Universal Postal Union (UPU) (removed and excluded by UPU in 1972; "Taiwan's" Chunghwa Post continually providing the postal services as a non-recognised postal entity)
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) (participates as "Taiwan")
Washington Accord (International Engineering Alliance) (participates as Chinese Taipei)^[651]
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) (participates as "Taiwan", also note that there is no national member of WAGGGS in PRC)
World Bank (WB) (covered separately^[652] in the Private Sector section,^[653] included as the economy of Taiwan, China)^[654]
World Confederation of Labour (WCL) (participates as "Taiwan")
World Economic Forum (WEF) (officially listed as "Taiwan, China")^[655]
World Energy Council (WEC) (participates as "Taiwan, China")^[656]
World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) (participates as "Taiwan Stock Exchange" and "Taiwan Futures Exchange")^[657]^[658]^[659] Under the umbrella of World Federation of Exchanges, MSCI includes Taiwan as MSCI Taiwan Index.^[660] In addition, London Metal Exchange is participated under London Stock Exchange in association with the World Federation of Exchanges in relation with Taiwan Future Exchange.^[661]^[662]
World Health Organization (WHO) (In the outbreak of Severe acute respiratory syndrome and with the concern of Disease surveillance, was invited as "Chinese Taipei" on the case-by-case basis.^[663] with its relations with the WHO being governed by a Memorandum of Understanding dated 14 May 2005 between the PRC and the WHO.^[664] The health insurance scheme in Taiwan is referenced on the WHO publication.^[665] Chinese Taipei is invited as an observer status in the World Health Assembly on the basis of Resolution 2758 and the condition of Cross-Strait relations.^[666] On 21 May 2018, 15 out of the 18 UN member states which then recognised the ROC (thus excluding Guatemala, Honduras and Palau) voiced support for the WHA observer status.^[667] This included Burkina Faso, which cut ties with the ROC only three days later, establishing ties with the PRC instead.
Worldwatch Institute (WI) (in partnership as Taiwan Watch)^[668]
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (not a signatory of the Patent Cooperation Treaty and Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, referred to as "Taiwan, Province of China")^[669]^[670]
World Medical Association (WMA)^[671] (participates as "Taiwan" by the Taiwan Medical Association)^[672]
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (signed and ratified the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization on 2 March 1951, cited as "Taiwan region")^[673]^[674]
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (participates as "Taipei (Chinese)")^[675]
World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) (participates as "Scouts of China")
World Tax (founded by Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC, participates as "Taiwan")^[676]^[677]^[678]
World Trade Centers Association (WTCA) (participates as World Trade Center Taipei, World Trade Center Taichung and World Trade Center Kaohsiung)^[679]^[680]^[681]
World Trade Organization (WTO) (full membership as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu" (Chinese Taipei) and delegated by the Permanent Mission of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Mastu to the WTO in Geneva.^[682])^[683]
World Veterans Federation (WVF) (participates as "R.O.C. on Taiwan")^[684]

International agreements

ROC is a party to major international treaties, including:

Article 33^[685]^[686] of United Nations Charter.
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with United States of America.^[687]
Metre Convention (associate as "Chinese Taipei")^[688]
Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement with PRC (signed between Straits Exchange Foundation and Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits – for ROC and PRC respectively^[689] and included the topic of direct flights,^[690] and with the improving relations between mainland China and Taiwan, Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong^[691] and Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau was officially launched in Hong Kong and Macau, also Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office^[692] and Macau Economic and Cultural Office was opened in Taiwan)

Territorial disputes

The ROC claims islands in the South China Sea on the same basis as its claim to historical Chinese territory retaining the borders dated prior to the establishment of the PRC including Tibet and Outer Mongolia. Unlike its claims on the Asian mainland, however, the ROC actively pursues and defends some of its claims to these islands.^[693] These include all of the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands, Macclesfield Bank and Scarborough Shoal. These islands are administered by a number of governments around the South China Sea. The ROC also claims the Senkaku Islands, which are administered by Japan.^[694] Because ASEAN and the People's Republic of China did not invite the Republic of China to participate in the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea", the Republic of China did not recognize it.^[695]

The PRC, in turn, asserts itself as the sole legitimate government of China, and claims all territories administered by the ROC.^{[citation needed]}

Specialized diplomacy

Culinary diplomacy

Taiwan emphasizes its night markets^[696] and the high rate of vegan eateries^[697] among other aspects of its culinary culture in an effort to promote the nation globally.

In 2010, Taiwan launched a £20m culinary diplomacy campaign.^[698]

Medical diplomacy

Taiwan's medical diplomacy began in 1961 with a team of medical professionals sent to Libya.^[699] In 2018 Taiwan set up a 2 million dollar healthcare fund for its Pacific island nation allies.^[700] Taiwan officially refers to most of its medical diplomacy as public health diplomacy.^[701]

Medical diplomacy has formed a key part of Taiwan's outreach to regional countries, especially in Southeast Asia. It is one of the five key components of the New Southbound Policy. Unlike medical diplomacy under previous programs under the NSP medical diplomacy is not focused on providing direct medical care or basic public health programs but on providing high-level professional skill transfers.^[699]

Epidemic prevention diplomacy

Local media has referred to Taiwan's medical diplomacy related to the COVID-19 pandemic as "epidemic prevention diplomacy".^[702] In March 2020 Australia and Taiwan agreed to exchange 1 million liters of Australian alcohol to be used in making hand sanitizer for 3 metric tons of Taiwanese nonwoven fabric to be used in making facial masks.^[703]

Transport and communications

Air links

The dispute over Taiwan's status affects the island's air links with the outside world, particularly Europe, North America and Australia.

For many years, Mandarin Airlines, a subsidiary of Taiwan's national airline, China Airlines (CAL), served many international destinations that CAL did not because of political sensitivities. However, in 1995 CAL dropped the national colours from its livery, and now flies to international destinations under its own name. Many countries' national airlines similarly set up special subsidiaries, known as "shadow airlines", to operate services to Taipei, with a different name, and livery omitting national symbols. British Airways' subsidiary, British Asia Airways, operated flights to London, KLM's subsidiary, KLM Asia, operated flights to Amsterdam, and Swissair's subsidiary, Swissair Asia, operated flights to Zürich, Air France Asie operated flights to Paris, Japan Air Lines established a subsidiary called Japan Asia Airways to operate flights to Tokyo, while Qantas had a subsidiary called Australia Asia Airlines, which operated flights to Sydney. These subsidiaries ceased operations when their parent companies were privatized or went bankrupt (in Swissair's case), with KLM Asia being the only remaining active shadow subsidiary. Other countries' flag carriers, such as Germany's Lufthansa, operated flights to Taipei using an existing subsidiary (in Lufthansa's case, Condor).

Before the completion of the second runway at New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport) in Chiba, Japan, airlines from Taiwan were required to utilize Haneda International Airport for their Tokyo routes in order not to offend the airlines from the PRC that flew to Narita. All Nippon Airways, however, used an existing subsidiary, Air Nippon. With the implementation of a new Japan-Taiwan air agreement, JAL and ANA took over flight operations between Japan and Taiwan in April 2008.^[704]^[705]

Beginning July 2008, charter flights between mainland China and Taiwan, which were traditionally only allowed on special holidays such as Chinese New Year, were significantly expanded.

China has begun compelling foreign airlines with landing privileges in the mainland to identify Taiwanese destinations as if they were part of the mainland government, e.g. T'aipei CN instead of T'aipei TW.

Telecommunications

International dialling codes were assigned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), an agency of the United Nations, to its member states and their dependencies in the 1960s. Despite the Republic of China on Taiwan still being a member of the UN, and hence the ITU, other member states declared that "the only representatives of the people of China are the delegates to the ITU and its permanent organs appointed by the Central Government of the People's Republic of China".^[706] This led to the People's Republic of China being assigned the country code 86.^[707] Consequently, in the early 1970s, Taiwan had to be unofficially assigned a separate code, 886, although there was pressure from China to change this to 866.^[708] This had to be listed as "reserved",^[709] but in 2006, the code was formally allocated to "Taiwan, China".^[710]^[711]

Codes in the +86 6 number range have since been allocated to cities in mainland China; for example, the area code for Shanwei is 0660.^[712] Consequently, calls from mainland China to Taiwan require the international access code and country code 00886.^[713]

Notes

^ Unofficial relations between the ROC continued on between the newly formed Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993.
^ Recognition lasted sixteen days. Began 5 August, agreement withdrawn 21 August.
^ Diplomatic relationship between South Vietnam and Taiwan ceased upon the collapse of the South Vietnamese government in 1975.
^ Recognition lasted seven days. Began 3 November, agreement withdrawn 10 November.
^ Out of the 193 UN member states, two UN observer states, and two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue), 181 UN member states, the Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine recognise the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China. The 12 states who recognise the Republic of China include 11 UN member states and the Holy See (Vatican City). Bhutan is the only sovereign state within the United Nations System which has not established diplomatic relations with either the PRC or the ROC.
^ Joined as the Republic of China representing not only Taiwan Area, but also nominally Mainland China until 1986. However, its share of Bank capital was based on the size of Taiwan's capital, unlike the World Bank and IMF where the government in Taiwan had had a share. The representation was succeeded by the People's Republic of China in 1986. However, the ROC was allowed to retain its membership, but under the name of "Taipei,China" (space deliberately omitted after the comma)^[444] — a name it protests. Uniquely, this allows both sides of the Taiwan Straits to be represented at the institution.

References

^ "Main text". English.president.gov.tw. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)". Mofa.gov.tw. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Nauru switches diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to China". AP News. Associated Press. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ 中華民國國情介紹. 2.16.886.101.20003. 22 March 2017.
^ "Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank". Lowy Institute. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b Hale, Erin. "Taiwan taps on United Nations' door, 50 years after departure". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^ Wong, Timothy Ka-ying (2000). "Changing Taiwan's Foreign Policy: From One China to Two States". Asian Perspective. 24 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 5–46. doi:10.1353/apr.2000.0035. JSTOR 42704247.
^ Oyen, Meredith (2 February 2022). "Why is Taiwan competing in the Olympics under 'Chinese Taipei'?". The Conversation. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ Jonathan Manthorpe, Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan (2008) pp When 94–200. St. Martin's Griffin , Excerpt
^ "Milestones: 1953–1960 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ "Avalon Project - Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ Hsiao-ting Lin, "US-Taiwan Military Diplomacy Revisited: Chiang Kai-shek, Baituan, and the 1954 Mutual Defense Pact." Diplomatic History 37.5 (2013): 971–994.
^ "The Economic Cooperation Authority". Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
^ Richard C. Bush, At Cross Purposes : U.S.-Taiwan Relations Since 1942 (M.E. Sharpe, 2004).
^ Frank Chiang (2017). The One-China Policy: State, Sovereignty, and Taiwan's International Legal Status. New York: Elsevier. p. 229. ISBN 9780081023150.
^ "U.S. Relations With Taiwan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
^ Wei-chin Lee (11 October 2011). "Diplomatic Impetus and Altruistic Impulse: NGOs and the Expansion of Taiwan's International Space". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan NGOs". Taiwanngo.tw. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "The United Nations in the Heart of Europe | The United Nations & Civil Society". Unog.ch. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Welcome to csonet.org | Website of the UN DESA NGO Branch. At your service". Csonet.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Non-governmental organizations". Unrol.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ kouraich jaouahdou. "UN – NGO Relations". Un-ngls.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "NGO/DPI Executive Committee | The Executive Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations Associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information". Ngodpiexecom.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Non-Governmental Organizations". Lib.berkeley.edu. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Non-Governmental Organizations at the United Nations". Habitat.igc.org. 25 July 1996. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "UNESCO. Executive Board; 188th; Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its 188th session; 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "UNTC". United Nations. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, 1961" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (with annex). Concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Shirley A. Kan (26 May 2010). "Democratic Reforms in Taiwan: Issues for Congress" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
^ "About Permanent Observers | United Nations". Un.org. 10 September 2002. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ "Recognition by the United Nations of the representation of a Member State". 14 December 1950.
^ Ben Blanchard; Yimou Lee (30 July 2020). "Taiwan's 'Mr Democracy' Lee Teng-hui championed island, defied China". Reuters. Retrieved 14 October 2022. Lee's greatest act of defiance was becoming Taiwan's first democratically elected president in March 1996
^ "ROC nationals now eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas – News and Events". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "UN told to drop 'Taiwan is part of China': cable". Taipei Times. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "President Lai's Administration Goals". Retrieved 1 May 2024.
^ Atkinson, Joel (27 May 2014). "Aid in Taiwan's foreign policy: putting Ma Ying-jeou's aid reforms in historical perspective". The Pacific Review. 27 (3): 409–431. doi:10.1080/09512748.2014.909524. ISSN 0951-2748. S2CID 153611281.
^ Atkinson, Joel (May 2018). "The real East Asian Aid model: Development assistance as an instrument of comprehensive security in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan". Development Policy Review. 36 (3): 265–284. doi:10.1111/dpr.12283. S2CID 157964933.
^ Tubilewicz, Czeslaw; Guilloux, Alain (June 2011). "Does size matter? Foreign aid in Taiwan's diplomatic strategy, 2000–8". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 65 (3): 322–339. doi:10.1080/10357718.2011.563777. ISSN 1035-7718. S2CID 153638926.
^ "Notes on non-OECD providers of development co-operation – Development Co-operation Report 2011". Development Co-operation Report 2011. OECD iLibrary: 211–218. 14 October 2011. doi:10.1787/dcr-2011-44-en. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan ICDF Homepage". Icdf.org.tw. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ 中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ McDermott, Roger. "The Jamestown Foundation: Operational Changes in Taiwan's Han Kuang Military Exercises 2008–2010". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Joint 'Han Kuang' cyber war exercise concludes". Taipei Times. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "EXERCISE HAN KUANG 27 IN TAIWAN | Asian Defence News Articles". Defence Review Asia. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b Dr. Alexander Chieh-cheng Huang (19 October 2011). "The United States and Taiwan's Defense Transformation | Brookings Institution". Brookings.edu. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ Pascal Abb and Alan Hao Yang, "The impact of democratization, political culture, and diplomatic isolation on think-tank development in Taiwan." ‘'Pacific Affairs'’, University of British Columbia. 91.1 (2018): 73–94.
^ Hardina Ohlendorf, "Building a New Academic Field: The Institutionalisation of Taiwan Studies in Europe" International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. (2017) 13#2 pp 115–140 online
^ "Who would replace Argentina on the G20? | The Multilateralist". Foreign Policy. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "About Permanent Observers". United Nations. 7 August 2015.
^ "Bidding High". Taiwan Today. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 1 December 1994.
^ "Research study". commons.allard.ubc.ca. 2009.
^ "OHCHR – How we work with others". ohchr.org.
^ "APIC Board Members". Asia Pacific Innovation Conference.
^ "Economics and Statistics Division". wipo.int.
^ "What Does the 1992 Consensus Mean to Citizens in Taiwan?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b Martin, Bradley; Gunness, Kristen; Deluca, Paul; Shostak, Melissa (23 May 2022). "Implications of a Coercive Quarantine of Taiwan by the People's Republic of China". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
^ Wu, DD. "WHO Déjà Vu: Taiwan Not Invited to World Health Assembly".
^ "China blocks Taiwan EPA head from attending UNFCCC COP 23". Taiwan News. 13 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
^ 國際奧會再度來函強調禁止外力干預體育 | 運動 | 新聞專題 | 中央社 CNA. Central News Agency (Taiwan). 18 November 2018.
^ "Rivals step out of Shadow to win Golden Horse Awards". The Straits Times. 18 November 2018.
^ "RSF calls on the UN to accredit Taiwanese journalists | Reporters without borders". Reports Without Borders. 18 September 2018.
^ Christ, Kiernan (5 July 2022). "China's Efforts to Isolate and Intimidate Taiwan Are Pushing U.S. Allies Closer". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
^ "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs – Codification Division Publications". legal.un.org.
^ "Search – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform". United Nations.
^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2016". Transparency International. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ "General Assembly, 26th session : 1976th plenary meeting, Monday, 25 October 1971, New York (A/PV.1976)". United Nations Digital Library System. United Nations Digital Library: 41. 1974. In favour: Ceylon, Chile, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Libyan Arab Republic, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania Mexico Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen People's, Republic of the Congo, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bhutan, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Canada. Against: Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Democratic republic of), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Dominican Republic, EI Salvador, Gabon, Gambia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Japan, Khmer Republic, Lesotho, Libena, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, New Zealand Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Philippines, Saudi Arabia South Africa, Swaziland, United States of America, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil. Abstentions: Colombia, Cyprus, Fiji, Greece, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Panama, Qatar, Spain, Thailand, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados.
^ Hu, Shaohua (2015). "Small State Foreign Policy: The Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan". China: An International Journal. 13 (2): 1–23. doi:10.1353/chn.2015.0013. S2CID 251640214.
^ Rich, Timothy S. (2009). "Status for Sale: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition" (PDF). Issues & Studies. 45 (4): 159–188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b Zou, Keyuan (2000). "Chinese approaches to international law". In Hu, Weixing R.; Chan, Gerald; Zha, Daojiong (eds.). China's International Relations in the 21st Century: Dynamics of Paradigm Shifts. University Press of America. pp. 171–194. ISBN 978-1-4616-7858-8. p. 179.
^ "St Lucia chooses Taiwan". BBC. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022.
^ "South China Sea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 18 March 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "Diaoyutai Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "Taiwan President Asserts Sovereignty Over Disputed Islands Claimed by Japan and China". The Diplomat. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "China launches large military drills as 'stern warning' to Taiwan". The Washington Post. 13 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
^ "President Ma meets Guatemalan Vice President Fuentes". Focus Taiwan. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Tai, Ya-chen; Mazzetta, Matthew (20 July 2021). "Lithuania to open trade office in Taiwan this fall". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ Galbraith, Andrew (30 October 2021). "China warns Lithuania, European officials over Taiwan row". Reuters. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ "Taipei to reopen representative office in Ivory Coast - Taipei Times". 13 November 2022.
^ "Taiwan reopens rep office in Ivory Coast to boost bilateral trade: MOFA - Focus Taiwan". 13 November 2022.
^ "台湾官方回应"驻尼日利亚代表处被摘牌"". news.ifeng.com.
^ Shattuck, Thomas. "Taiwan Finds an Unexpected New Friend in Somaliland". www.fpri.org. FPRI. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ "Taiwan to open representative office in Aix-en-Provence in Southern France". Taiwan News. 25 August 2020.
^ "首頁 – Taipei Representative Office in Greece 駐希臘台北代表處". www.roc-taiwan.org. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^ "Taiwan representation opens in Vilnius". 18 November 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ Relations with the EU, Belgium and Luxembourg Archived 2014-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium
^ ^a ^b "About the Order of Malta / FAQ". Order of Malta (government website). Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ "Multilateral relations". Order of Malta (government website). Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Bilateral relations". Order of Malta (government website). Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c "MOFA thanks global partners for backing Taiwan at WHA". Leave No One Behind (Taiwan MOHW & MOFA). 28 May 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021. In a tweet on its official Twitter account, the MOFA said: "The strong showing of support for #Taiwan's meaningful participation in #WHA74 is greatly appreciated by the government & people. Sincere thanks to the country's allies, as well as like-minded partners including the #US, #Japan, #UKF, #Canada, #Australia, #Germany, #NewZealand, #CzechRepublic, #Lithuania & @orderofmalta, for urging @DrTedros to put politics aside & bring #Taiwan into the @WHO fold. Disease is blind to borders, & it takes #AllHandsOnDeck to combat #COVID19 & achieve #HealthForAll."
^ 中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 22 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019.
^ 中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 19 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.
^ "Diplomatic information–country and region". Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ Asia West and Africa Department. "Republic of Somaliland". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Taiwan and Somaliland to set up representative offices: MOFA". Focus Taiwan. July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Taiwan alarm at Costa Rica move". BBC News. 7 June 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
^ "Pope offers olive branch to China". BBC News. 20 January 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
^ "HK bishop hints at Vatican switch". BBC News. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
^ "China welcomes Vatican initiative". BBC News. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
^ "China ordains new Catholic bishop". BBC News. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
^ Blanchard, Ben (26 May 2018). "China wins back Burkina Faso, urges Taiwan's last African ally to follow". Reuters. Beijing, China. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
^ "Colombia y China Popular establecen relaciones". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogota, Colombia: Casa Editorial El Tiempo. 9 February 1980. pp. 8A. ISSN 0121-9987. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
^ "Costa Rica forges new China ties". BBC News. 6 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
^ "República Dominicana corta relaciones diplomáticas con Taiwán para establecerlas con China". BBC. 1 May 2018.
^ Kuo, Lily (21 August 2018). "Taiwan vows to stand up to China after El Salvador cuts ties". The Guardian.
^ "Suomen suurlähetystö, Peking -Suomen pääkonsulaatti, Shanghai : Tietoa Kiinasta". Finland.cn (in Finnish). Finnish Main Consulate in the People's Republic of China. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ Smith, David (15 November 2013). "Gambia severs diplomatic ties with Taiwan". The Guardian.
^ Cash, Joe; Palencia, Gustavo; Blanchard, Ben; Cash, Joe (26 March 2023). "Honduras ends decades-long diplomatic ties with Taiwan". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
^ Lyons, Kate (20 September 2019). "Taiwan loses second ally in a week as Kiribati switches to China". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^ Tubilewicz, Czeslaw (7 August 2007). Taiwan and Post-Communist Europe: Shopping for Allies. Routledge. pp. 76–94. ISBN 9781134100842.
^ "Asia-Pacific | Malawi severs links with Taiwan". BBC News. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "China and Nicaragua re-establish ties in blow to U.S. and Taiwan". Reuters. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
^ "Panama cuts ties with Taiwan in favour of China". BBC News. 13 June 2017.
^ "São Tomé e Príncipe corta relações com Taiwan – São Tomé e Príncipe" (in Portuguese). France: Radio France Internationale. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Taiwan terminates relations with Solomon Islands: foreign minister". Hong Kong Free Press. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ "Taiwan loses a major ally". BBC News. 30 December 1997. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
^ Political Relations with China, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
^ "Congo (DRC)". china.org.cn. People's Republic of China. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ China–Ethiopia relations
^ China–Zimbabwe relations
^ "China and Taiwan offered us huge bribes, say Solomon Islands MPs". The Guardian. 7 December 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
^ Raymond, Nate (18 March 2014). "Ex-Guatemalan leader admits taking Taiwan bribes in U.S. court". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
^ Magnier, Mark (13 November 2004). "China, Taiwan Wooing Vanuatu in Dollar Dance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
^ Dorling, Philip (29 August 2011). "Nauru officials' 'friendly payoffs'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
^ The China White Paper, August 1949 – United States. Dept. of State. p. 12. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b The Quarterly Journal of Economics. p. 739. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Tubilewicz, Czeslaw (2005). "From Ideological Foe to Uncertain Friend: Soviet Relations with Taiwan, 1943–82". Cold War History. 5 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1080/713999981. S2CID 154822714.
^ Lin, Hsiao-ting (7 April 2016). "Taiwan's Cold War in Southeast Asia". wilsoncenter.org. The Wilson Center. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ Cheung, Han (4 July 2021). "Taiwan in Time: The last great friend". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ "Ministry to shut overseas offices, go 'southbound'". Taipei Times. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Staff Writer. "MOFA lauds pro-Taiwan EU bills". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
^ Yeh, Joseph (21 January 2021). "EU passes resolutions containing pro-Taiwan clauses". focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
^ Michael Y.M. Kao, "Taiwan's and Beijing's Campaigns for Unification," in Harvey Feldman, Michael Y.M. Kao, eds., Taiwan in a Time of Transition (New York: Paragon House, 1988), 188.
^ {中華百科全書•典藏版}. Ap6.pccu.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ James Chace (30 June 2008). Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created The American World. p. 217. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Blacklisted by History". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Taiwan". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Madame Chiang Kai-shek". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "CQ Almanac Online Edition". Library.cqpress.com. Retrieved 22 December 2016.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "CSCAP : Regional Security Outlook" (PDF). Cscap.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "UNTC". Archived from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Taiwan Ends 4 Decades of Martial Law". The New York Times. 15 July 1987.
^ Bonnie S. Glaser (January 2010). "Building Trust Across the Taiwan Strait" (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ Joseph Cirincione. "No. 10: A Global Assessment of Nuclear Proliferation Threats" (PDF). Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2013.
^ "Association for Asia Research- Chinese military threatens nuclear war against the United States over Taiwan". Chinascope. 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
^ "Top Chinese general warns US over attack". Financial Times. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Charles Glaser (March–April 2011). "Will China's Rise Lead to War?". Foreign Affairs.
^ Joseph Kahn (15 July 2005). "Chinese General Threatens Use of A-Bombs if U.S. Intrudes". The New York Times.
^ "Taiwan won't broach state-to-state concept again". "The press reports quoted Taiwan's incoming top China policy-maker Tsai Ing-wen as saying Thursday that the special state-to-state label was an adequate description of Taiwan's current ties with China." "'The two-states theory is a good thing. It is a way to describe the current (cross-strait) situation,'" "Tsai said on local television. 'We can refrain from using it as a description, although we cannot deny the existence of the situation described by it,' Tsai said on local television."
^ "Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview". Taipei Times. 8 October 2008.
^ 馬總統：兩岸關係是現實關係 [President Ma: Cross-strait relations are relations based on current reality] (in Chinese). Central News Agency of the Republic of China. 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
^ 馬：大陸是中華民國領土 [Ma: the mainland is the territory of the Republic of China]. Liberty Times (in Chinese). 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008.
^ "Kuomintang News Network". Kmt.org.tw. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan's 2014 Local Elections: Implications for Cross-Strait Relations" (PDF). Origin.www.uscc.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Jenny W. Hsu (26 February 2014). "Taiwan, China Talks End Cordially". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "ex injuria jus non-oritur". Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Lubold, Gordon (27 October 2015). "U.S. Navy Tests China Over Sea Claims". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Bodeen, Christopher (25 June 2016). "China cuts contact with Taiwan liaison body over Tsai". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Peter G. Gowing (July–August 1970). "Islam in Taiwan". SAUDI ARAMCO World. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ J.R. Wu and Ben Blanchard (20 December 2016). "Taiwan loses another ally, says won't help China ties". Reuters.
^ "Burkina Faso rejects US$50 billion from China..." Taiwan News. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ "Taiwan loses second ally in a month amid China pressure". Channel NewsAsia. 24 May 2018.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Solomon, Salem (26 May 2018). "Once Influential in Africa, Taiwan Loses All But One Ally". voanews.com. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Taiwan, Swaziland sign pact on joint crime-fighting | FOCUS TAIWAN – CNA ENGLISH NEWS". Focustaiwan.tw. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Hsu, Stacy (9 June 2018). "Swazi king promises loyalty to Taiwan". Taipei Times.
^ "Ambassador to Eswatini hospitalized: ministry". Taipei Times. 27 June 2018. Ambassador to Eswatini Thomas Chen (陳經銓) has been hospitalized in South Africa after he was found seriously ill in his office on 22 June, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said yesterday.
^ "Gambia cuts diplomatic ties with Taiwan". GMA News Online. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b Khadija Sharife, and Daniela Lepiz, Mark Anderson. "Jammeh's Taiwanese Alliance and the Hezbollah Laundromat". occrp.org. OCCRP. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ Ramzy, Austin (18 March 2016). "Chinese Gambia and Taiwan Diplomatic Relations". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Taiwan now has diplomatic relations with fewer than 20 countries – Quartz". Quartz. May 2018.
^ "Dominican Republic breaks with Taiwan, forges diplomatic ties with Beijing". South China Morning Post. 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
^ "El Salvador establece relaciones diplomáticas con China y rompe con Taiwán". TVN. 20 August 2018.
^ "Taiwán acusa a El Salvador de pedirle "suma astronómica" de ayuda financiera". Critica (in Spanish). 21 August 2018.
^ "Guatemala: Ex-President Admits Taking Taiwan Bribes" Villegas, Paulina (18 March 2014). The New York Times. MARCH
^ "Taiwan mum on bribery claims by Guatemala's ex-president". Focus Taiwan News Channel. CNA. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
^ "Honduras Likely to Follow Nicaragua in Cutting Taiwan Ties as China Courts Latin America". Newsweek. 10 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Taiwan president heads to Latin America after partners switch ties to China". The Guardian. AFP. 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Taiwan recalls Honduran ambassador as country establishes diplomatic ties with China". PBS NewsHour. PBS. Associated Press. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ "Honduras says plans to open diplomatic relations with China". Al Jazeera. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
^ Rhoda Kwan (16 March 2023). "Don't 'quench your thirst with poison', Taiwan tells Honduras after switch to China". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
^ Davidson, Helen (26 March 2023). "Honduras says there is 'only one China' as it officially cuts ties with Taiwan". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
^ "Honduras has opened an embassy in China after breaking off ties with Taiwan". World. NPR. Associated Press. 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ "Panamá, ¿una franquicia china?". La Estrella de Panamá. GESE-La Estrella de Panamá.
^ "Panamá espera jugosas inversiones de China". El Siglo. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
^ "China, una agenda ambiciosa". Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
^ "Conoce las inversiones que China planea hacer en Panamá". TVN. 17 November 2017.
^ "Aterriza el primer vuelo de Air China en Panamá | La Prensa Panamá". www.prensa.com. 5 April 2018.
^ "Air China inaugura vuelo Beijing-Houston-Panamá". La Estrella de Panamá. GESE-La Estrella de Panamá.
^ "Panama cuts ties with Taiwan in favour of China". BBC News. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
^ "Conoce la posible ruta y estaciones del tren Panamá-Chiriquí". TVN. 17 February 2018.
^ Long, Tom; Urdinez, Francisco (2020). "Status at the Margins: Why Paraguay Recognizes Taiwan and Shuns China". Foreign Policy Analysis. 17. doi:10.1093/fpa/oraa002.
^ Thomas A. Marks. Counterrevolution in China: Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Marks, p. 301
^ Marks, Thomas A. (1996). Counterrevolution in China : Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang. London. p. 301. ISBN 0-7146-4700-4. OCLC 34410395.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Paraguay's Taiwan ties safe as ruling party retains presidency". The Guardian. 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^ "E-2 Treaty Investors". USCIS. 14 January 2014.
^ "Treaty Countries". travel.state.gov.
^ U.S. Congress (1 January 1979), Taiwan Relations Act, American Institute in Taiwan website, archived from the original on 15 August 2012, retrieved 30 January 2011
^ "Taiwan – United States Trade Representative". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Taiwan – Trade Summary" (PDF). Ustr.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "United States and Taiwan Enhance Trade Ties". Ustr.gov. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Agreement between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs" (PDF). Bilaterals.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Taiwan-U.S. Relations: Developments and Policy Implications" (PDF). Fas.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Kan, Shirley A.; Morrison, Wayne M. (11 December 2014). "U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues" (PDF). Congressional Research Service: 4.
^ "Wong, Alex N." Archived from the original on 23 March 2018.
^ Horton, Chris (21 March 2018). "In Taiwan, U.S. Official Says Commitment 'Has Never Been Stronger'". The New York Times.
^ "Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan". Reuters. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022. The United States endorses the "One China Policy" and switches diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing
^ "New Challenges and Opportunities in the Taiwan Strait" (PDF). Ncuscr.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.
^ "Wilson Center Digital Archive". digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org.
^ "State Department Daily Press Briefing". Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Daily Press Briefing – January 7, 2015". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "American Institute in Taiwan – Visa Waiver Program". Ait.org.tw. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "What visitors should know about updated entry rules – Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^ Lotta Danielsson-Murphy. "USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration". Us-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Lotta Danielsson-Murphy. "USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration – Products". Us-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Lotta Danielsson-Murphy. "USTaiwan Business Council – Defense & Security – Home". Us-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Phipps, Gavin (21 May 2015). "Taiwan 'welcomes' congressional pressure over RIMPAC invitation". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
^ "Fulbright Visiting (Non-U.S.) Scholar Program: Participating Country List". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Fulbright Commissions – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Fulbright Taiwan, Foundation for Scholarly Exchange". Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Pork not a priority between Taiwan, US: official". The China Post. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Taiwan: US Calls for Diplomatic Relations". UNPO. 19 February 2007. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Text of S.Con.Res.48 as Introduced in Senate: A concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress regarding... OpenCongress". Opencongress.org. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "US lawmakers introduce bill backing UN membership for Taiwan – Yahoo!…". 20 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007.
^ "American Institute in Taiwan". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "US approves major arms sale to Taiwan amid trade tensions with Beijing". CNN. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan". Reuters. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^ "It's Official! Trump Admin Sends Taiwan F-16 Deal To Congress, Here's What's in It". The Drive. 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
^ Blanchard, Ben (9 August 2020). "U.S. health chief arrives in Taiwan on trip condemned by China". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Pelosi Taiwan visit: Beijing vows consequences if US politician travels to island". BBC News. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^ Wong, Edward; Sanger, David E.; Qin, Amy (25 July 2022). "U.S. Officials Grow More Concerned About Potential Action by China on Taiwan". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2022. as it did in 2020 in response to a visit by Alex Azar, then the U.S. secretary of health and human services. Chinese fighter jets have crossed that line and flown into the island's air defense identification zone with increasing frequency since 2020
^ "US health secretary starts historic Taiwan visit". South China Morning Post. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2022. US Secretary of Health Alex Azar arrived in Taiwan on Sunday, making him the highest ranking American official to visit the island since 1979. The visit is also the most high-profile since the Taiwan Travel Act
^ "US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi lands in Taiwan amid threats of Chinese retaliation". CNN International. 2 August 2022.
^ "China held 'combat' patrol after latest US arms sales to Taiwan, says Taipei". Straits Times. 27 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
^ "Taiwan reports Chinese 'combat patrol' after Beijing slams US arms deal". Reuters. 27 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
^ International Herald TribuneTaiwanese diplomats may have to leave Venezuela^{[permanent dead link]} (18 July 2007). Retrieved 19 December 2007
^ "Shaping the Future of Asia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Taiwan Commercial Relations".^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "For the ROC, India's in the slightly-less-hard basket". Asia Times. 15 February 2006. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 9, pp. 18–21". Worldlii.org. 1 June 1920. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ Chin, Jonathan (15 December 2022). "Taiwan has right to independence: Iranian newspaper". Taipei Times.
^ "Israeli parliamentary delegation calls for support after Iran's attack". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. 15 April 2024. The delegation, composed of four members from the Israeli Knesset (parliament), thanked Taiwan for its support following the attack...[Tsai] said she looked forward to the two countries leveraging their own industrial strengths and continuing to deepen their partnership based on the shared values of freedom and democracy.
^ Medzini, Meron (6 August 2021). "Taiwan, Israel deepen friendship, expand exchanges". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
^ Haime, Jordyn (7 April 2024). "As Israel's foreign ties falter amid war in Gaza, Taiwan sees chance to cosy up". SCMP. Taiwan's desire for warmer ties with Israel began long before the October 7 attack. Bilateral trade between the two has grown steadily in recent years, rising to over US$3.2 billion in 2022 from US$2.4 billion the previous year. Taiwanese media and officials often speak with admiration for Israel's strong military and make comparisons between Taiwan and Israel as two isolated democracies with strong tech sectors.
^ "72 DPP, KMT lawmakers establish joint US caucus". Taipei Times. 24 February 2024. Separately, the Taiwan-Israel Congressional Association was established yesterday to promote people-to-people exchanges; cooperation in agriculture, technology and education; and bilateral visits, association chair DPP Legislator Chung Chia-pin (鍾佳濱) said. Israeli Representative to Taiwan Maya Yaron thanked Taiwan for supporting Israel and said that a parliamentary delegation is to visit the nation in the next few weeks.
^ "Chinese and South Koreans Formally Establish Relations". The New York Times. 24 August 1992. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ ^a ^b White, Edward (29 January 2018). "Taiwanese suspected of shipping coal from the DPRK to Vietnam". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018.
^ "Official Website of Malaysian Friendship and Trade Centre, Taipei". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia". Taiwan Embassy. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Green, Robert (1 January 2003). "Onward to Mongolia". Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
^ Times, MOI rethinks Mongolia, 20 August 2002, p. 2 Archived 29 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 June 2009
^ "Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year". Taipei Times. 11 October 2002. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory.
^ "Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China". BBC News. 26 February 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
^ "The History of MTAC". Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
^ Blumenthal, Tuvia; Chi, Madeleine (1970). China Diplomacy, 1914–1918. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 9780674118256.
^ "Taiwan-Mongolia ties move on – Taipei Times". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015.
^ "ASIA-PACIFIC | Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China". BBC News. 26 February 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
^ 炮擊金門幕後揭秘：玩弄中蘇同盟種下分裂惡果-歷史名人-文化名城-廣佛都市網. Big5.citygf.com. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Representative office in Taipei for the Moscow-Taipei Coordination Commission on Economic and Cultural Cooperation v.2.0". Mtc.org.tw. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
^ 首頁 – 台北莫斯科經濟文化協調委員會駐莫斯科代表處 ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬСТВО В МОСКВЕ ТАЙБЭЙСКО-МОСКОВСКОЙ КООРДИНАЦИОННОЙ КОМИССИИ ПО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМУ И КУЛЬТУРНОМУ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВУ. tmeccc.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
^ "Chinese Taipei, Russia Intensify Cooperation". Taiwan.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Second APEC Ministerial Meeting : Singapore". Apec.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "China warns Singapore officials against future visits to Taiwan". Singapore-window.org. 26 August 2004. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Singapore denies reports of joint military exercise with Taiwan". www.singapore-window.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.
^ "A David-and-Goliath tussle: FEER". Singapore-window.org. 5 August 2004. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Ruby on Rails application could not be started". data.mongabay.com.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "BBC ¤¤¤åºô | ¤¤°ê³ø¾É | ¥x¥~ªø¥H""ó"Ë"³ë·s¥[Y¤Þµo§åµû". BBC News. 28 September 2004. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ The Diplomat (8 November 2013). "Taiwan-Singapore FTA | Pacific Money". The Diplomat. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Taiwan, Singapore sign free-trade pact". Taipei Times. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "AEC, ECFA and Vietnam-Taiwan Economic Relations" (PDF). Aseancenter.org.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Two decades of Taiwan's FDI in Vietnam – An analysis and Assessment" (PDF). Aseancenter.org.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Marshall Islands president set to visit", Ko Shu-ling, Taipei Times, 26 June 2007
^ "Taiwan-Pacific Allies Summit to highlight regional issues", China Post, 10 October 2007
^ "What Really Counts" Archived 26 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Taiwan Review (government website), 30 November 2006
^ "Chen not planning any transit stops on way to Marshalls", Ko Shu-ling, Taipei Times, 3 October 2007
^ "Taiwan signs Majuro Declaration with South Pacific allies" Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Taiwan International, 12 October 2007
^ "Taiwan injects over US$1m into regional development" Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Matangi Tonga, 27 June 2007
^ "Shift expected in Taiwan's Pacific policy". Radio New Zealand International. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ "Vice president to visit three allies in South Pacific: official", China Post, 28 January 2008
^ "Taiwan president-elect vows to end Pacific 'cheque-book diplomacy'", ABC Radio Australia, 26 March 2008
^ "Taiwan's next leader urges truce in cash diplomacy battle" Archived 10 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 6 May 2008
^ "Taiwan foreign minister resigns over diplomatic blunder" Archived 10 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Jonathan Adams,International Herald Tribune, 6 May 2008
^ "PNG dismisses Taiwan's diplomatic moves", ABC Radio Australia, 7 May 2008
^ "Taiwan cancels Pacific islands summit", ABC Radio Australia, 8 October 2008
^ "Ma plans to visit South Pacific allies", Taipei Times, 10 June 2009
^ "Taiwan gives to the region", Solomon Star, 14 July 2009
^ "Taiwan calls on Pacific Forum to allow it to be a proper Dialogue Partner". Radio New Zealand International. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ O'Malley, Sandra (5 February 2008). "China, Australia hold strategic meeting". The Age. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ "Taiwan brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "Taiwan country brief – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Australia-Taiwan Business Council". Atbc.asn.au. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Taiwan – Countries and regions – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Taiwan country brief – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfat.gov.au. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Organisation of TECO – Organizations – Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia 駐澳大利亞代表處". www.roc-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
^ "Home – Taiwan". Study in Australia. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Taiwan Trade Centre Sydney – Our Services". Sydney.taiwantrade.com.tw. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Visas and migration – Australian Office". Australia.org.tw. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Sister Cities : TAIPEI – TAIWAN". Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Brisbane's Sister City – Kaohsiung". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Strong, Matthew (13 July 2019). "Taiwan forced to change name of office in Fiji due to Chinese bullying". Taiwan News. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "Fiji office closure not due to pressure from China: ministry". Taipei Times. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – Freedom in the World 2004 – Kiribati". Refworld. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c McDonald, Hamish (10 November 2003). "Tiny Pacific islands play China using the Taiwan card". The Age. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ "Freedom in the World – Kiribati (2004)". Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Currency of Persuasion", New Zealand Listerner, May 2005
^ "China ceases diplomatic relations with Kiribati", PRC embassy in Estonia, 29 November 2003
^ ^a ^b "Kiribati Plays The Game: Taiwan vs. China Battle Continues" Archived 7 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Mac William Bishop, Pacific Magazine, 1 September 2004
^ "Chinese refuse to leave Kiribati" Archived 6 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Michael Field, 26 October 2005
^ "Taiwan $3M Keeps Air Pacific Charters Going To Kiritimati Island"^{[permanent dead link]}, Pacific Magazine, 28 September 2008
^ "Kiribati climate change conference calls for urgent cash and action", The Guardian, 16 November 2010
^ "Kiribati cuts ties with Taiwan in diplomatic switch to China days after Solomon Islands pivot". ABC News. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
^ "New Marshall Islands president elected" Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Islands Business, 7 January 2008
^ "President Litokwa Tomeing welcomes Vice President Annette Lu of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Marshall Islands" Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Office of the President of the Marshall Islands, 30 January 2008
^ Doherty, Ben; Lyons, Kate (9 March 2023). "Outgoing president of Micronesia accuses China of bribery, threats and interference". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 9 December 2003
^ "Joint Communiqué of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Nauru on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations", 22 July 2002
^ "Taiwan cuts diplomatic ties with Nauru". BBC News. 23 July 2002. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ "ROC restores ties with Nauru after 3 years", China Post, 15 May 2005
^ "Nauru urges use of Taiwan medical help". Radio New Zealand International. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ "Claims Nauru election won with Taiwan money", ABC Radio Australia, 21 September 2007
^ ^a ^b "Chen calls new heads of Nauru, Solomon Islands", Taipei Times, 29 December 2007
^ "Why Beijing cares about tiny Nauru", Lindsey Hilsum, New Statesman, 20 September 2007
^ "Taiwan's UN bid rejected", People's Daily, 19 September 2008
^ ^a ^b "Nauru officials' 'friendly payoffs'", Brisbane Times, 29 August 2011
^ "Nauru gets more health aid from Taiwan", Radio New Zealand International, 28 November 2011
^ "China visa spat almost derailed Pacific leaders summit in Nauru". The Guardian. 4 September 2018.
^ Davidson, Helen; Hawkins, Amy (15 January 2024). "Nauru to sever diplomatic ties with Taiwan in favour of China". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
^ Hoadley, Stephen (1998). New Zealand Taiwan Relations. Auckland: New Zealand Asia Institute, University of Auckland and the Auckland Institute of Studies. pp. 18–25. ISBN 0-473-05545-7.
^ "Taiwan". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ Craymer, Lucy; Liu, Fanny (10 July 2013). "Taiwan and New Zealand Sign Free-Trade Agreement". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
^ "The Republic of China (Taiwan) signs economic cooperation agreement with New Zealand". Republic of China Government. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b Lyons, Kate (7 September 2018). "'Palau against China!': the tiny island defying the world's biggest country". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Republic of Palau 駐帛琉共和國大使館 [Republic of Palau 帛琉共和國] – Embassies & Missions Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) Mobile – 中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網英文網. Mofa.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Wooing the Islands" Archived 10 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Andre Vltchek, 15 January 2008
^ Beldi, Laura (28 August 2018). "China's 'tourist ban' leaves Palau struggling to fill hotels and an airline in limbo". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
^ Losinio, Louella (April 2019). "Taiwanese president inks coastguard agreement with Palau". PNC Guam. Sorensen Media Group. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ "hina Airlines to add a flight to Palau: Tsai". Taipei Times. 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ "PM hails ties with Taiwan" Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Solomon Star, 10 February 2010
^ "We got your back; DPM assures Taiwan" Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Solomon Star, 9 April 2012
^ "Chan slams Wikileaks report, vows to seek legal action" Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Solomon Star, 28 October 2011
^ "Solomon Islands Prime Minister visits Taiwan" Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Taiwan International, 3 March 2008
^ Lyons, Kate (5 June 2019). "Solomon Islands to Decide Soon on Whether to Cut Ties with Taiwan". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "Solomon Islands Poised to Switch Allegiance from Taiwan to China". The Guardian. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "Taiwan too late to stop Solomon Islands' diplomatic switch to Beijing". South China Morning Post. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ "Solomons province chastised for pro-Taiwan stance". Radio NZ. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ "Taiwan thanks Tuvalu for its backing". Radio New Zealand International. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ "Taiwan: Seeking to Prevent Tuvalu from recognising China" Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, UNPO, 9 October 2006
^ "Tuvalu: Pacific Nation Turns Down Chinese Islands and Backs Taiwan". BBC. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^ "Chinese influence corrupting government: opposition leader" Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Vanuatu Daily, 12 March 2006
^ "Vanuatu scraps deal with Taiwan". BBC News. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ McCartney, Micah (4 March 2021). "Flemish Parliament throws support behind Taiwan". www.taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ Pei-chun, Tang; Yu-chen, Chung; Lim, Emerson. "Flemish parliament passes resolution to strengthen ties with Taiwan". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ Satter, Raphael; Carey, Nick (19 February 2020). Gopalakrishnan, Raju; Popper, Helen (eds.). "China threatened to harm Czech companies over Taiwan visit: letter". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
^ "Czech president tries to tamp down China anger after speaker's Taiwan trip". Reuters. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ Christopher Bo Bramsen (2000). "Peace and friendship: Denmark's official relations with China, 1674–2000". NIAS Press. ISBN 87-87062-82-8. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
^ Mads Kirkebæk (2000). "China and Denmark: relations since 1674". NIAS Press. ISBN 87-87062-71-2. Trade and Economic Relations between Denmark and Taiwan 1949–1997
^ "European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | Human Rights". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Trade and Investment Relations between Taiwan and the EU" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
^ "Europe-Taiwan partnership to inspire prosperity, stability". The China Post. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU and ROC". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan–EU relations". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
^ "2469-THIS-IS-EFTA-2012-06:1897-THIS-IS-EFTA-24" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "ECB: External trade". European Central Bank. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ 中華民國駐外單位聯合網站. origin-www.roc-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014.
^ "MEPs back visa waiver for Taiwan". European Parliament. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Press Release : Visits to the Schengen area: reminder" (PDF). Europa (web portal). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ cs – čeština (26 September 2011). "Debates – Monday, 26 September 2011 – EU-Taiwan trade (debate)". European Parliament. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU Presence in Taiwan". Europa (web portal). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Portal of Republic of China (Taiwan) Diplomatic Missions". Taiwanembassy.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Chinese Taipei – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Report). OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers. Oecd.org. 2011. doi:10.1787/5kgcf71l188x-en. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Trade Facilitation – OECD" (PDF). oecd.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015.
^ "Country Review: Chinese Taipei | OECD READ edition". OECD Journal: Competition Law and Policy (in French). Keepeek.com. 9 February 2006. doi:10.1787/clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ 中華民國國家文官學院與比利時聯邦行政訓練學院簽署文官培訓及研究瞭解備忘錄 – 最新消息. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "EU lawmakers reject granting China the market economy status". EURACTIV.com. 12 May 2016.
^ Nienaber, Michael (24 January 2021). "Germany urges Taiwan to help ease auto chip shortage". www.reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Thanksgiving: 70th Anniv of Diplomatic Ties". www.catholic.org.tw.
^ Leung (1992), p. 44
^ Védrenne (2012), p. 42
^ "China Church Quarterly, Fall 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ "Taiwan says it has Vatican assurances on China accord". www.reuters.com. Reuters. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ ROC severs relations with Italy Archived 2016-05-30 at the Wayback Machine, Taiwan Info, 8 November 1970
^ New ROC (Taiwan) Ambassador Lee presents his Credentials to Pope Francis Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See
^ Taiwan's Expanding Role in the International Arena: Entering the United Nations, Maysing H. Yang, Routledge, 3 Jun 2015, page 189
^ Taiwan shuns Milan expo after sovereignty squabble, Taipei Times, November 26, 2014
^ Yu-li, Lin; Ya-shih, Huang; Hsu, Elizabeth (22 April 2020). "Taiwanese donations reach Slovenia, Italy in COVID-19 fight". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ China (Taiwan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of (2 May 2019). "MOFA thanks Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania parliamentarians for supporting Taiwan's WHO participation". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 31 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Taiwan opens representative office in Lithuania". Deutsche Welle. 18 November 2021.
^ "Lithuanian trade representational office to open in Taiwan this Spring". 1 November 2022.
^ "EU sues China over sanctions against Lithuania". 27 January 2022.
^ "China recalls envoy to Lithuania over Taiwan's move to open de facto embassy". South China Morning Post. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ Kastner, Jens (29 August 2019). "The Dutch Connection Remains Firm". topics.amcham.com.tw. Taiwan Topics. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ Pei-ju, Teng (9 October 2019). "Dutch parliament passes motion supporting Taiwan's international participation". www.taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ "Issue". Mofa.gov.tw. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "我與馬其頓簽國防合作備忘錄" (in Chinese). CTS. 30 October 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ "Slovak parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee thanked by MOFA for resolution backing Taiwan's WHA participation". 12 May 2021.
^ "UK and Taiwan – UK and the world". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Taiwan. "British Trade & Cultural Office Taiwan". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Wolf, David C. 'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China – 1950. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 18, no. 2, 1983, pp. 299–326. JSTOR.
^ ^a ^b "Taiwan-UK Relations". Taipei Representative Office in the U.K. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ "U.K. renames representative office in Taiwan, retains functions". focustaiwan.tw. 27 May 2015.
^ "出席國際會議情形".
^ "ACUNS – Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York". ACUNS. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Welcome to Association of Asia Pacific Airlines – Member Airlines". Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Organizational Structures". African-Asian Rural Development Organization. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ "Amnesty International in Taiwan". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "United Nations". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Discrimination". Amnesty International. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan signs up for human rights". Amnesty International. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Countries – Asia Council". asianleadershipcentre.org.
^ "Asian Federation of Biotechnology". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Asian Federation of Biotechnology". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "AIPP – Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ AIPP. "Members". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Members ANN". Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "A REPORT ON ASIA – PACIFIC ASSOCIATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS (APAARI)" (PDF). Fao.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Members : APAARI – Asia Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Asia / Pacific Group on Money Laundering". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Countries in APRICOT's Region". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Member Directory & Profile | Asian and Oceanian Stock Exchanges Federation". AOSEF. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Media Release : Sydney Hosts 30th AOSEF General Assembly" (PDF). Aosef.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Members". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Asian Network of Major Cities 21". Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (AASSREC) – UNESCO NGO – db". Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Members of AASSREC". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Professional Chapters". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Professional Chapters". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Treasury Management, Cash Management and Corporate Finance: Association for Financial Professionals (AFP)". Afponline.org. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Country Profiles – Association for Financial Professionals". Afponline.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Association of Future Markets – AFM". Afmorg.net. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) – AFM". Afmorg.net. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Association Montessori Internationale". Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ "International Montessori Association () – UNESCO NGO – db". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Table 6.2 : Foreign direct investments in ASEAN by source country/region" (PDF). Asean.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "APO Asian Productivity Organization". Apo-tokyo.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Member Economies | APO Asian Productivity Organization". Apo-tokyo.org. 11 May 1961. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "[REPUBLIC OF CHINA] Workshop Meeting of Heads of NPOs | APO Asian Productivity Organization". Apo-tokyo.org. 11 May 1961. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "List of non-member states, intergovernmental organizations and other entities having received invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the general assembly (parts I, II, III and IV) and the economic and social council (part V)" (PDF). www.un.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013.
^ LFW (8 February 2002). "Agreement – Office of the Legal Adviser". Ilo.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan Plays Little Tricks in APEC History". People's Daily. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan's roles in APEC's changing regional dynamics". Taiwantoday.tw. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Member Economies – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation". Apec.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Asian Development Bank and Taipei,China: Fact Sheet | Asian Development Bank". Adb.org. 31 December 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei – Book Review: Complexities of the U.S.-Taiwan Relationship". 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2010.
^ "Taipei, China". Asian Development Bank Institute. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ 霞が関ビルディング｜フロアガイド. kasumigaseki36.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Get Involved – Association for Information Systems (AIS)". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "AAEA". Aaea-sec.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Aaea > Aaea Member > Member Countries". Aaea-sec.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "APNIC serves the Asia Pacific region". APNIC. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "National Internet Registries". APNIC. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "About APPU". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "APPU : ASIAN-PACIFIC PARLIAMENTARIANS' UNION – Welcome to ASIAN-PACIFIC PARLIAMENTARIANS' UNION". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ 立法院全球資訊網－院內資訊－新聞訊息－王院長主持亞洲太平洋國會議員聯合會第40屆年會閉幕典禮並頒贈「國會外交榮譽獎章」 (in Traditional Chinese). Legislative Yuan. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Transmitting global liquidity to East Asia: policy rates, bond yields, currencies and dollar cred" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ "Belmont Forum". Belmont Forum.
^ "Belmont forum–partner organizations". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
^ "Belmont Forum Members – Belmont Forum". igfagcr.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017.
^ "Welcome to Garden Search!". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Toward the Creation of a "Cross-Strait Common Market"". Crossstrait.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "boaoforum". boaoforum. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Professional and academic exams | British Council". britishcouncil.org.tw. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ "Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development / International Cooperation". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
^ 96 Carbon Storage. "Taiwan : Global Settings". Oceanhealthindex.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Consumers International – Our members – Member directory". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Council for Security Cooperation in The Asia Pacific, 簡稱 CSCAP (PDF). Aec.gov.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ 亞太安全合作理事會中華民國委員會(CSCAP Taiwan). Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Assessing Track 2 - Diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific Region" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
^ "CL.tpf" (PDF). Iiro.nccu.edu.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "CSCAP : Regional Security Outlook" (PDF). Cscap.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "CTBUH Profile". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Taiwan, China – the Skyscraper Center". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ "TAIPEI 101 – The Skyscraper Center". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "CCC". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Administrator. "Aims and tasks". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Full Members – Cumulus, International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media". Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Education International – Search A Member". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Education International – Global Unions". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "The Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units". Egmontgroup.org. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taipei China [EBRD – About us]". Ebrd.com. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ European Patent Office. "EPO – Chinese Taipei (TW)". Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "China (Taipei)". Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
^ "CERN-Non Member States". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Food and Fertilizer Technology Center". Fftc.agnet.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan". Fftc.agnet.org. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan LII – Taiwan Legal Information Institute". 140.123.5.6. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Free Access to Law Movement (FALM)". Fatlm.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Membership and Observership for the European Pharmacopoeia – EDQM". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "National Contact Points (NCPs)". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Partners". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA – Taiwan". Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Organization". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Fairtrade International / News / Latest News / Single View". Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
^ "F.I.P. – Fédération Internationale de Philatélie". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ 我國參與之重要國際農漁業組織及活動(農委會). Coa.gov.tw. 28 November 2007. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "FIABCI : International Real Estate Federation Homepage". Fiabci.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016./
^ "Welcome to FIABCI – the International Real Estate Federation". Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
^ "Freedominfo Global Network". Freedominfo.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "FreedomInfo | Taiwan". Freedom Info. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Freemason TW". grandlodge-china.org.
^ "Fulbright U.S. Scholar Program". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Search Results – Fulbright Scholar Catalog of Awards". Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Profile". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Chinese Taipei". FIFA. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Taiwan". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Taiwan". IFEX. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "AIPH – Members". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Our members". UITP – Advancing Public Transport. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Members of Committee". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Data" (PDF). nti.org.
^ "PRIS – Country Details". Iaea.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "History". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Universal Charter of the Judge". Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Member Associations". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Economic Benefits from Air Transport in Taiwan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
^ IATA. "IATA – Current Airline Members". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum – Taiwan". Anti-moneylaundering.org. 23 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan Squeeze-out Guide : IBA Corporate and M&A Law Committee 2010". Ibanet.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "International Baccalaureate (IB) | UNESCO NGO – db". Ngo-db.unesco.org. 27 October 2006. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Country information". Ibo.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Global University Recognition 2012" (PDF). Ibo.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Global Ambassador List – INBIA". Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
^ "ICBL News – International Campaign to Ban Landmines". Icbl.org. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Benefits of membership | ICC – International Chamber of Commerce". Iccwbo.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "unctad.org | Home" (PDF). Archive.unctad.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Functions of the ICC International Court of Arbitration". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Chinese Taipei Business Council of ICC details | ICC – International Chamber of Commerce". Iccwbo.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "List of Current Court Members". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ 台北律師公會Taipei Bar Association. Tba.org.tw. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "International Commission of Jurists assesses initiatives to incorporate the Bill of Rights in Taiwan". ICJ. 1 September 2003. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ 台北律師公會. Tba.org.tw. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Member Directory". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "ICCA Chapters – ICCA". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Board". Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "11th Museums Week in Brazil". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Participants – International COSPAS-SARSAT". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "..:: International Council on Social Welfare ::." Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Roca Chang. "The Council of Social Welfare, Taiwan. – ICSW North East Asia Region". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "international council of women, Affiliated Members". Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "IEA: Brief history". Iea.nl. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) | UNESCO NGO – db". Ngo-db.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "IEA: Chinese Taipei". Iea.nl. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ Administrator. "ICA's Relation to other Major Organisations". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Administrator. "ICA National Representatives 2012 – 2013". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Detailed information – ICSU". Icsu.org. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "ICOGRADA | International Affiliations". Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
^ "ICOGRADA | Icograda Members". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ "Icsid Members Listing". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Member Parties". International Democrat Union. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015.
^ "Chinese Taipei". IEA. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Intergovernmental Cooperation". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Chinese Oral & Literary Copyright Collective Management Association | IFRRO". Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
^ "Member: China". IIAS-IISA – International Institute of Administrative Sciences – Institut international des Sciences administratives. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Voter turnout data for Taiwan". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Renewables 2012 Global Ststus Report" (PDF). Map.ren21.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "International Press Institute: National Committees". International Press Institute. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Memberships and Subscriptions Catalog". IEEE. 1 December 2001. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "IEEE Taipei Section". Ieee.org.tw. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "IEEE Tainan Section". IEEE. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "The Institute of International Finance, Inc. | Member list by country (T-Z)". Iif.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Ifap". Ifap.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Human Rights – Taiwan". FIDH. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Asia & Pacific: IFJ". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Maurizio Gnot. "Taiwan, Province of China – Labour Force Surveys". Ilo.org. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Where do I find trade data for Taiwan, Province of China, in the Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) database? – IMF DATA Help". datahelp.imf.org.
^ "Data". data.imf.org.
^ "Siegel". IMF.org. 2002.
^ "World Economic Outlook Database for April 2012 – Country information". Imf.org. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "19 : Toward Universal Membership" (PDF). Imf.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education". Inqaahe. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "International Network of Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE) | UNESCO NGO – db". Ngo-db.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Board members". Inqaahe. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ incb.org Extent of Licit Trade And Latest Trends in Trafficking Precursors
^ "Taipei withdrew Asian Games bid in March: councilor". Taipei Times. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Chinese Taipei | National Olympic Committee". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Annual Report 2011 : ICRC" (PDF). Icrc.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Full Member List Alphabetically". IFABC. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "EEP Listing (M-O) – IIBA | International Institute of Business Analysis". IIBA.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ pixl 8. "Chinese (Taiwan) branch – ILA". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "International Police Association – Home Page". ipa-iac.org.
^ "International Police Executive Symposium". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "UN Consultative Status". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "World Police Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Associate Editors Contacts and Countries Assigned". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "IAP – Academia Sinica". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "country-details – ISSA". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Taiwan, China". Itu.int. 26 January 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taipei, Chinese". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Taiwan". 5 July 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Women's Committee 2011". International Transport Workers' Federation. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "List of UIC members". Uic.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ http://www.iufro.org/download/file/8501/64/iufro-members-12-03_pdf/ ^{[dead link]}
^ "ISOC Taiwan Chapter Chartered". Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "The Past and Future of Internet Development in Taiwan-A WiKi Approach". Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "OICV-IOSCO - Iosco.org". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "OICV-IOSCO - Iosco.org". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "OICV-IOSCO - Iosco.org". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Members & Liaisons". Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "The League of Historical Cities". City.kyoto.jp. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Member Cities of Asia – The League of Historical Cities". City.kyoto.jp. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "London Metal Exchange: LME lists Taiwanese port as new delivery location". Lme.com. 17 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Astronaut Selection". Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "NATO – Opinion: Questions and answers at the press conference by NATO Secretary General, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and US President George W. Bush following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of Heads of State and Government, 22-Feb.-2005". Nato.int. 22 February 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "NATO – Opinion: Statement by H.E. Mr Taro Aso, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan at the meeting with the North Atlantic Council, 04-May.-2006". Nato.int. 4 May 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "NATO – Opinion: Speech by Prof. Dr. Rob de Wijk on NATO's new Strategic Concept, MCCS Lisbon, 19-Sep.-2009". Nato.int. 19 September 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan officially joins int'l fishery commission". The China Post. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "OECD Home: Information by Country:Chinese Taipei". www.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012.
^ "Annual Statistical Bulletin : 2010/2011 Edition" (PDF). Opec.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat : Joint statement 19th Taiwan/Republic of China-Forum Countries Dialogue – Printer Friendly Version". Forumsec.org. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "The Pacific Economic Cooperation Council – Member Committees". PECC. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "IPRI 2016". Internationalpropertyrightsindex.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "PSI Affiliates Directory – Asia & Pacific" (PDF).
^ "No Trade in Public Services". 31 July 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Overview – Convention & Related Agreements". United Nations. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ 參與國際組織 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Mofa.gov.tw. 10 December 1982. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan – Reporters Without Borders". Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Reporters Without Borders (RSF) opens its first Asia bureau in Taipei – Reporters without borders". Reports Without Borders. 6 April 2017.
^ "Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana SICA". Sica.int. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "SICA : Member States". Sica.int. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "World Happiness Report 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ "The SEACEN Centre". Seacen.org. 24 November 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "The SEACEN Centre". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Seoul Accord". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "SEARCC". SEARCC. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "SEARCC". Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Sgatar 2014". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ "Participant List – The Summit for Democracy". United States Department of State. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
^ "Transparency International – Contact us". Transparency.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Academic Impact". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "UNAI MEMBERS LIST March 2014.xls" (PDF). Academicimpact.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "A Recovery for All" (PDF). Unicef.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Dr. Rangita de Silva de Alwis : November 2009 : Legislative Reform on Selected Issues of Anti-Gender Discrimination and Anit-Domestic Violence" (PDF). Unicef.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Social and Economic Policy". UNICEF. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "International Sale of Goods (CISG) and Related Transactions". Uncitral.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "UNCITRAL Asia-Pacific centre" (PDF). Uncitral.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "World Investment Report 2011" (PDF). Unctad.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "World Economic Situation and Prospects : 2012" (PDF). Unctad.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Emerging headwinds for Asia and the Pacific" (PDF). Unescap.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Figure 11. Consumer price inflation of selected developing economies in the ESCAP regio, 2010–2012" (PDF). Unescap.org\access-date=2013-11-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2013.
^ ". Taiwan Province of China". Un-Habitat. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ ". Countries". Un-Habitat. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ Structural Change in the World Economy: Main Features and Trends Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine unido.org
^ "UnivComp_rpt_6x9_M.indd" (PDF). Unidir.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Q:\VIGNARD\Archive\2005\20052~1" (PDF). Unidir.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "UNISDR". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "UNODC Volum 3 (March)\publisher=Unodc.org" (PDF). Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Country Profiles : South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific" (PDF). Unodc.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Microsoft Word - Taiwan-web.doc" (PDF). Unrisd.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Taiwan, Province of China Trade data". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "International Engineering Agreements". Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Where are your data on Taiwan? – World Bank Data Help Desk". World Bank.
^ "Private Sector". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Doing Business in Taiwan, China – World Bank Group". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Klaus Schwab. "World Economic Forum : The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012" (PDF). Weforum.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Taiwan, China Member Committee". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "key information | World Federation of Exchanges". World-exchanges.org. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan Stock Exchange | World Federation of Exchanges". www.world-exchanges.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012.
^ "Taiwan Futures Exchange | World Federation of Exchanges". www.world-exchanges.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012.
^ "Taiwan – MSCI Taiwan". MSCI. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "London Stock Exchange | World Federation of Exchanges". www.world-exchanges.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012.
^ "London Metal Exchange: Home". Lme.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Invitation letter dated 30 April 2009 from the Director General of the WHO to the Minister for Health, Chinese Taipei". Kmt.org.tw. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Memorandum of Understanding dated 14 May 2005 between the PRC and the WHO". Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "World Report on Disability" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ 世界衛生大會邀請函全文 – 重點新聞 – 中央社即時新聞 CNA NEWS. Central News Agency. 8 May 2016.
^ "Fifteen allies back WHA observer status – Taipei Times". Taipei Times. 22 May 2018.
^ "Taiwan Watch". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Paris WTO and PCT States" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "IP Outreach in Practice: Search Results". Wipo.int. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "What Does the WMA Do?". Wma.net. 15 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Members' List". Wma.net. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ PWMU. "Members | WMO". Wmo.int. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ PWMU. "Google Search Result(s) | WMO". Wmo.int. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "OIE Members and delegates' coordinates". Oie.int. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "World Tax – About us". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "International Tax Review – Home". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "Taiwan – World Tax – Tax firm rankings". Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ "World Trade Centers Association". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "World Trade Centers Association". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "World Trade Centers Association". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ 首頁 – 常駐世界貿易組織代表團 [Permanent Mission of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu to the World Trade Organization]. origin-www.roc-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
^ "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen and Matsu – Member information". WTO. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "R.O.C. on Taiwan". World Veterans Federation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs – Codification Division Publications". United Nations.
^ "Official document of the United Nations". United Nations.
^ "Apply for a U.S. Visa Treaty Traders And Treaty Investors (E-1/E-2) – Taiwan (English)". ustraveldocs.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ "Metre Convention Member States and Associates". Bipm.org. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "201057" (PDF). Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ [1] ^{[dead link]}
^ 香港 – 外交部領事事務局全球資訊網. Boca.gov.tw. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ 香港經濟貿易文化辦事處 – 歡迎辭. Hketco.hk. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Taiwan's South China Sea Policy Evolution". Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
^ "Taiwan's Policy toward the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Dispute and the Implications for the US". Association for Asian Studies. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ "中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網". 8 January 2021. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021.
^ Rockower, Paul (3 December 2010). "Taiwanese gastrodiplomacy 2.0". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ Chen, Ivan. "Taiwan, Global Vegan Capital—An Eco-Friendly Lifestyle". Taiwan Mission in Sweden. Taiwan Panorama. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^ Booth, Robert (8 August 2010). "Taiwan launches 'gastro-diplomacy' drive". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Hui Yan, Ho. "Taiwan Spreads Diplomatic Wings Through Regional Health Care". Asia Sentinel. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ Chung, Lawrence (5 September 2018). "Taiwan sets up US$2 million health care fund for Pacific island nations amid diplomatic tussle with Beijing". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ Tseng, Esther. "The Power of Friendship". Taiwan Panorama. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ Michael Peel; Kathrin Hille (April 2020). "Taiwan in talks over gift of coronavirus masks to EU". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ Po-wei, Wu; Yeh, Joseph (30 March 2020). "Taiwan, Australia to exchange raw materials to fight COVID-19". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ "History of JAL – History of JAL". jal.com.
^ "Press Release". ana.co.jp.
^ White Book, Volume 1, International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, International Telecommunication Union, 1969, page 100
^ White Book, Volume 2, Part 1, International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, International Telecommunication Union, 1969, page 10
^ Daily Report: People's Republic of China, Issues 91-97, United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service National Technical Information Service, 1994, page 54
^ List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164, Assigned Country Codes, (Position on 1 May 2002)
^ List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164, Assigned Country Codes, (Position on 1 May 2005)
^ ITU Operational Bulletin, No. 870 – 4
^ China Economic News, Volume 17, Issues 26-50, page 10
^ Beijing Review, Volume 37, 1994, page 33

External links

"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan)"

[104] Unofficial relations between the ROC continued on between the newly formed Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993.

[115] Recognition lasted sixteen days. Began 5 August, agreement withdrawn 21 August.

[119] Diplomatic relationship between South Vietnam and Taiwan ceased upon the collapse of the South Vietnamese government in 1975.

[121] Recognition lasted seven days. Began 3 November, agreement withdrawn 10 November.

[138] Out of the 193 UN member states, two UN observer states, and two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue), 181 UN member states, the Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine recognise the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China. The 12 states who recognise the Republic of China include 11 UN member states and the Holy See (Vatican City). Bhutan is the only sovereign state within the United Nations System which has not established diplomatic relations with either the PRC or the ROC.

[450] Joined as the Republic of China representing not only Taiwan Area, but also nominally Mainland China until 1986. However, its share of Bank capital was based on the size of Taiwan's capital, unlike the World Bank and IMF where the government in Taiwan had had a share. The representation was succeeded by the People's Republic of China in 1986. However, the ROC was allowed to retain its membership, but under the name of "Taipei,China" (space deliberately omitted after the comma)^[444] — a name it protests. Uniquely, this allows both sides of the Taiwan Straits to be represented at the institution.

[1] "Main text". English.president.gov.tw. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[MOFA-2] "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)". Mofa.gov.tw. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[3] "Nauru switches diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to China". AP News. Associated Press. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.

[4] 中華民國國情介紹. 2.16.886.101.20003. 22 March 2017.

[5] "Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank". Lowy Institute. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

[expell_details_un-6] Hale, Erin. "Taiwan taps on United Nations' door, 50 years after departure". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 October 2022.

[7] Wong, Timothy Ka-ying (2000). "Changing Taiwan's Foreign Policy: From One China to Two States". Asian Perspective. 24 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 5–46. doi:10.1353/apr.2000.0035. JSTOR 42704247.

[8] Oyen, Meredith (2 February 2022). "Why is Taiwan competing in the Olympics under 'Chinese Taipei'?". The Conversation. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

[9] Jonathan Manthorpe, Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan (2008) pp When 94–200. St. Martin's Griffin , Excerpt

[10] "Milestones: 1953–1960 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

[11] "Avalon Project - Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

[12] Hsiao-ting Lin, "US-Taiwan Military Diplomacy Revisited: Chiang Kai-shek, Baituan, and the 1954 Mutual Defense Pact." Diplomatic History 37.5 (2013): 971–994.

[13] "The Economic Cooperation Authority". Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2013.

[14] Richard C. Bush, At Cross Purposes : U.S.-Taiwan Relations Since 1942 (M.E. Sharpe, 2004).

[15] Frank Chiang (2017). The One-China Policy: State, Sovereignty, and Taiwan's International Legal Status. New York: Elsevier. p. 229. ISBN 9780081023150.

[16] "U.S. Relations With Taiwan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

[17] Wei-chin Lee (11 October 2011). "Diplomatic Impetus and Altruistic Impulse: NGOs and the Expansion of Taiwan's International Space". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[18] "Taiwan NGOs". Taiwanngo.tw. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[19] "The United Nations in the Heart of Europe | The United Nations & Civil Society". Unog.ch. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[20] "Welcome to csonet.org | Website of the UN DESA NGO Branch. At your service". Csonet.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[21] "Non-governmental organizations". Unrol.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[22] uraich jaouahdou. "UN – NGO Relations". Un-ngls.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[23] "NGO/DPI Executive Committee | The Executive Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations Associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information". Ngodpiexecom.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[24] "Non-Governmental Organizations". Lib.berkeley.edu. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[25] "Non-Governmental Organizations at the United Nations". Habitat.igc.org. 25 July 1996. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[26] "UNESCO. Executive Board; 188th; Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its 188th session; 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[27] "UNTC". United Nations. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[28] "Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, 1961" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[29] "Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (with annex). Concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[30] Shirley A. Kan (26 May 2010). "Democratic Reforms in Taiwan: Issues for Congress" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2014.

[31] "About Permanent Observers | United Nations". Un.org. 10 September 2002. Retrieved 29 May 2020.

[32] "Recognition by the United Nations of the representation of a Member State". 14 December 1950.

[33] Ben Blanchard; Yimou Lee (30 July 2020). "Taiwan's 'Mr Democracy' Lee Teng-hui championed island, defied China". Reuters. Retrieved 14 October 2022. Lee's greatest act of defiance was becoming Taiwan's first democratically elected president in March 1996

[34] "ROC nationals now eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas – News and Events". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[35] "UN told to drop 'Taiwan is part of China': cable". Taipei Times. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[36] "President Lai's Administration Goals". Retrieved 1 May 2024.

[37] Atkinson, Joel (27 May 2014). "Aid in Taiwan's foreign policy: putting Ma Ying-jeou's aid reforms in historical perspective". The Pacific Review. 27 (3): 409–431. doi:10.1080/09512748.2014.909524. ISSN 0951-2748. S2CID 153611281.

[38] Atkinson, Joel (May 2018). "The real East Asian Aid model: Development assistance as an instrument of comprehensive security in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan". Development Policy Review. 36 (3): 265–284. doi:10.1111/dpr.12283. S2CID 157964933.

[39] Tubilewicz, Czeslaw; Guilloux, Alain (June 2011). "Does size matter? Foreign aid in Taiwan's diplomatic strategy, 2000–8". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 65 (3): 322–339. doi:10.1080/10357718.2011.563777. ISSN 1035-7718. S2CID 153638926.

[40] "Notes on non-OECD providers of development co-operation – Development Co-operation Report 2011". Development Co-operation Report 2011. OECD iLibrary: 211–218. 14 October 2011. doi:10.1787/dcr-2011-44-en. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[icdf.org.tw-41] "Taiwan ICDF Homepage". Icdf.org.tw. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[mofa.gov.tw-42] 中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[43] McDermott, Roger. "The Jamestown Foundation: Operational Changes in Taiwan's Han Kuang Military Exercises 2008–2010". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[44] "Joint 'Han Kuang' cyber war exercise concludes". Taipei Times. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[45] "EXERCISE HAN KUANG 27 IN TAIWAN | Asian Defence News Articles". Defence Review Asia. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[brookings.edu-46] Dr. Alexander Chieh-cheng Huang (19 October 2011). "The United States and Taiwan's Defense Transformation | Brookings Institution". Brookings.edu. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[47] Pascal Abb and Alan Hao Yang, "The impact of democratization, political culture, and diplomatic isolation on think-tank development in Taiwan." ‘'Pacific Affairs'’, University of British Columbia. 91.1 (2018): 73–94.

[48] Hardina Ohlendorf, "Building a New Academic Field: The Institutionalisation of Taiwan Studies in Europe" International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. (2017) 13#2 pp 115–140 online

[49] "Who would replace Argentina on the G20? | The Multilateralist". Foreign Policy. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[50] "About Permanent Observers". United Nations. 7 August 2015.

[51] "Bidding High". Taiwan Today. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 1 December 1994.

[52] "Research study". commons.allard.ubc.ca. 2009.

[53] "OHCHR – How we work with others". ohchr.org.

[54] "APIC Board Members". Asia Pacific Innovation Conference.

[55] "Economics and Statistics Division". wipo.int.

[1992_consensus_implications-56] "What Does the 1992 Consensus Mean to Citizens in Taiwan?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 14 October 2022.

[:0-57] Martin, Bradley; Gunness, Kristen; Deluca, Paul; Shostak, Melissa (23 May 2022). "Implications of a Coercive Quarantine of Taiwan by the People's Republic of China". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 1 October 2023.

[58] Wu, DD. "WHO Déjà Vu: Taiwan Not Invited to World Health Assembly".

[59] "China blocks Taiwan EPA head from attending UNFCCC COP 23". Taiwan News. 13 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.

[60] 國際奧會再度來函強調禁止外力干預體育 | 運動 | 新聞專題 | 中央社 CNA. Central News Agency (Taiwan). 18 November 2018.

[61] "Rivals step out of Shadow to win Golden Horse Awards". The Straits Times. 18 November 2018.

[62] "RSF calls on the UN to accredit Taiwanese journalists | Reporters without borders". Reports Without Borders. 18 September 2018.

[63] Christ, Kiernan (5 July 2022). "China's Efforts to Isolate and Intimidate Taiwan Are Pushing U.S. Allies Closer". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 1 October 2023.

[64] "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs – Codification Division Publications". legal.un.org.

[65] "Search – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform". United Nations.

[66] "Corruption Perceptions Index 2016". Transparency International. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.

[67] "General Assembly, 26th session : 1976th plenary meeting, Monday, 25 October 1971, New York (A/PV.1976)". United Nations Digital Library System. United Nations Digital Library: 41. 1974. In favour: Ceylon, Chile, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Libyan Arab Republic, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania Mexico Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen People's, Republic of the Congo, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bhutan, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Canada. Against: Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Democratic republic of), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Dominican Republic, EI Salvador, Gabon, Gambia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Japan, Khmer Republic, Lesotho, Libena, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, New Zealand Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Philippines, Saudi Arabia South Africa, Swaziland, United States of America, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil. Abstentions: Colombia, Cyprus, Fiji, Greece, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Panama, Qatar, Spain, Thailand, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados.

[68] Hu, Shaohua (2015). "Small State Foreign Policy: The Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan". China: An International Journal. 13 (2): 1–23. doi:10.1353/chn.2015.0013. S2CID 251640214.

[69] Rich, Timothy S. (2009). "Status for Sale: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition" (PDF). Issues & Studies. 45 (4): 159–188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

[Zou-70] Zou, Keyuan (2000). "Chinese approaches to international law". In Hu, Weixing R.; Chan, Gerald; Zha, Daojiong (eds.). China's International Relations in the 21st Century: Dynamics of Paradigm Shifts. University Press of America. pp. 171–194. ISBN 978-1-4616-7858-8. p. 179.

[71] "St Lucia chooses Taiwan". BBC. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022.

[72] "South China Sea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 18 March 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.

[73] "Diaoyutai Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 9 January 2023.

[74] "Taiwan President Asserts Sovereignty Over Disputed Islands Claimed by Japan and China". The Diplomat. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2023.

[75] "China launches large military drills as 'stern warning' to Taiwan". The Washington Post. 13 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

[76] "President Ma meets Guatemalan Vice President Fuentes". Focus Taiwan. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[77] Tai, Ya-chen; Mazzetta, Matthew (20 July 2021). "Lithuania to open trade office in Taiwan this fall". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[78] Galbraith, Andrew (30 October 2021). "China warns Lithuania, European officials over Taiwan row". Reuters. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[79] "Taipei to reopen representative office in Ivory Coast - Taipei Times". 13 November 2022.

[80] "Taiwan reopens rep office in Ivory Coast to boost bilateral trade: MOFA - Focus Taiwan". 13 November 2022.

[81] "台湾官方回应"驻尼日利亚代表处被摘牌"". news.ifeng.com.

[82] Shattuck, Thomas. "Taiwan Finds an Unexpected New Friend in Somaliland". www.fpri.org. FPRI. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

[taiwannews-83] "Taiwan to open representative office in Aix-en-Provence in Southern France". Taiwan News. 25 August 2020.

[84] "首頁 – Taipei Representative Office in Greece 駐希臘台北代表處". www.roc-taiwan.org. Retrieved 11 January 2021.

[85] "Taiwan representation opens in Vilnius". 18 November 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.

[86] Relations with the EU, Belgium and Luxembourg Archived 2014-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium

[:4-87] "About the Order of Malta / FAQ". Order of Malta (government website). Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[88] "Multilateral relations". Order of Malta (government website). Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[:5-89] "Bilateral relations". Order of Malta (government website). Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[:3-90] "MOFA thanks global partners for backing Taiwan at WHA". Leave No One Behind (Taiwan MOHW & MOFA). 28 May 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021. In a tweet on its official Twitter account, the MOFA said: "The strong showing of support for #Taiwan's meaningful participation in #WHA74 is greatly appreciated by the government & people. Sincere thanks to the country's allies, as well as like-minded partners including the #US, #Japan, #UKF, #Canada, #Australia, #Germany, #NewZealand, #CzechRepublic, #Lithuania & @orderofmalta, for urging @DrTedros to put politics aside & bring #Taiwan into the @WHO fold. Disease is blind to borders, & it takes #AllHandsOnDeck to combat #COVID19 & achieve #HealthForAll."

[91] 中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 22 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019.

[92] 中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 19 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.

[93] "Diplomatic information–country and region". Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.

[94] Asia West and Africa Department. "Republic of Somaliland". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.

[:6-95] "Taiwan and Somaliland to set up representative offices: MOFA". Focus Taiwan. July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[96] "Taiwan alarm at Costa Rica move". BBC News. 7 June 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

[97] "Pope offers olive branch to China". BBC News. 20 January 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

[98] "HK bishop hints at Vatican switch". BBC News. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

[99] "China welcomes Vatican initiative". BBC News. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

[100] "China ordains new Catholic bishop". BBC News. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

[101] Blanchard, Ben (26 May 2018). "China wins back Burkina Faso, urges Taiwan's last African ally to follow". Reuters. Beijing, China. Retrieved 24 April 2019.

[102] "Colombia y China Popular establecen relaciones". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogota, Colombia: Casa Editorial El Tiempo. 9 February 1980. pp. 8A. ISSN 0121-9987. Retrieved 22 September 2018.

[103] "Costa Rica forges new China ties". BBC News. 6 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.

[105] "República Dominicana corta relaciones diplomáticas con Taiwán para establecerlas con China". BBC. 1 May 2018.

[es-106] Kuo, Lily (21 August 2018). "Taiwan vows to stand up to China after El Salvador cuts ties". The Guardian.

[107] "Suomen suurlähetystö, Peking -Suomen pääkonsulaatti, Shanghai : Tietoa Kiinasta". Finland.cn (in Finnish). Finnish Main Consulate in the People's Republic of China. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

[108] Smith, David (15 November 2013). "Gambia severs diplomatic ties with Taiwan". The Guardian.

[109] Cash, Joe; Palencia, Gustavo; Blanchard, Ben; Cash, Joe (26 March 2023). "Honduras ends decades-long diplomatic ties with Taiwan". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

[110] Lyons, Kate (20 September 2019). "Taiwan loses second ally in a week as Kiribati switches to China". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2020.

[:1-111] Tubilewicz, Czeslaw (7 August 2007). Taiwan and Post-Communist Europe: Shopping for Allies. Routledge. pp. 76–94. ISBN 9781134100842.

[112] "Asia-Pacific | Malawi severs links with Taiwan". BBC News. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[113] "China and Nicaragua re-establish ties in blow to U.S. and Taiwan". Reuters. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.

[panama-114] "Panama cuts ties with Taiwan in favour of China". BBC News. 13 June 2017.

[116] "São Tomé e Príncipe corta relações com Taiwan – São Tomé e Príncipe" (in Portuguese). France: Radio France Internationale. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[auto-117] "Taiwan terminates relations with Solomon Islands: foreign minister". Hong Kong Free Press. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.

[118] "Taiwan loses a major ally". BBC News. 30 December 1997. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

[120] Political Relations with China, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

[122] "Congo (DRC)". china.org.cn. People's Republic of China. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[123] China–Ethiopia relations

[124] China–Zimbabwe relations

[125] "China and Taiwan offered us huge bribes, say Solomon Islands MPs". The Guardian. 7 December 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2021.

[126] Raymond, Nate (18 March 2014). "Ex-Guatemalan leader admits taking Taiwan bribes in U.S. court". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2021.

[127] Magnier, Mark (13 November 2004). "China, Taiwan Wooing Vanuatu in Dollar Dance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 June 2022.

[128] Dorling, Philip (29 August 2011). "Nauru officials' 'friendly payoffs'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 June 2022.

[129] The China White Paper, August 1949 – United States. Dept. of State. p. 12. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[Winston739-130] The Quarterly Journal of Economics. p. 739. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[131] Tubilewicz, Czeslaw (2005). "From Ideological Foe to Uncertain Friend: Soviet Relations with Taiwan, 1943–82". Cold War History. 5 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1080/713999981. S2CID 154822714.

[132] Lin, Hsiao-ting (7 April 2016). "Taiwan's Cold War in Southeast Asia". wilsoncenter.org. The Wilson Center. Retrieved 21 July 2019.

[133] Cheung, Han (4 July 2021). "Taiwan in Time: The last great friend". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 July 2021.

[134] "Ministry to shut overseas offices, go 'southbound'". Taipei Times. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[135] Staff Writer. "MOFA lauds pro-Taiwan EU bills". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved 21 January 2021.

[136] Yeh, Joseph (21 January 2021). "EU passes resolutions containing pro-Taiwan clauses". focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 21 January 2021.

[137] Michael Y.M. Kao, "Taiwan's and Beijing's Campaigns for Unification," in Harvey Feldman, Michael Y.M. Kao, eds., Taiwan in a Time of Transition (New York: Paragon House, 1988), 188.

[139] {中華百科全書•典藏版}. Ap6.pccu.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[140] James Chace (30 June 2008). Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created The American World. p. 217. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[141] "Blacklisted by History". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[142] "Taiwan". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[143] "Madame Chiang Kai-shek". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[144] "CQ Almanac Online Edition". Library.cqpress.com. Retrieved 22 December 2016.^{[permanent dead link]}

[145] "CSCAP : Regional Security Outlook" (PDF). Cscap.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[146] "UNTC". Archived from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[147] "Taiwan Ends 4 Decades of Martial Law". The New York Times. 15 July 1987.

[148] Bonnie S. Glaser (January 2010). "Building Trust Across the Taiwan Strait" (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.

[149] Joseph Cirincione. "No. 10: A Global Assessment of Nuclear Proliferation Threats" (PDF). Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2013.

[150] "Association for Asia Research- Chinese military threatens nuclear war against the United States over Taiwan". Chinascope. 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2014.

[151] "Top Chinese general warns US over attack". Financial Times. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[152] Charles Glaser (March–April 2011). "Will China's Rise Lead to War?". Foreign Affairs.

[153] Joseph Kahn (15 July 2005). "Chinese General Threatens Use of A-Bombs if U.S. Intrudes". The New York Times.

[154] "Taiwan won't broach state-to-state concept again". "The press reports quoted Taiwan's incoming top China policy-maker Tsai Ing-wen as saying Thursday that the special state-to-state label was an adequate description of Taiwan's current ties with China." "'The two-states theory is a good thing. It is a way to describe the current (cross-strait) situation,'" "Tsai said on local television. 'We can refrain from using it as a description, although we cannot deny the existence of the situation described by it,' Tsai said on local television."

[155] "Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview". Taipei Times. 8 October 2008.

[156] 馬總統：兩岸關係是現實關係 [President Ma: Cross-strait relations are relations based on current reality] (in Chinese). Central News Agency of the Republic of China. 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.

[157] 馬：大陸是中華民國領土 [Ma: the mainland is the territory of the Republic of China]. Liberty Times (in Chinese). 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008.

[158] "Kuomintang News Network". Kmt.org.tw. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[159] "Taiwan's 2014 Local Elections: Implications for Cross-Strait Relations" (PDF). Origin.www.uscc.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[160] Jenny W. Hsu (26 February 2014). "Taiwan, China Talks End Cordially". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[161] "ex injuria jus non-oritur". Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[162] Lubold, Gordon (27 October 2015). "U.S. Navy Tests China Over Sea Claims". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[163] Bodeen, Christopher (25 June 2016). "China cuts contact with Taiwan liaison body over Tsai". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[164] Peter G. Gowing (July–August 1970). "Islam in Taiwan". SAUDI ARAMCO World. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.

[165] J.R. Wu and Ben Blanchard (20 December 2016). "Taiwan loses another ally, says won't help China ties". Reuters.

[166] "Burkina Faso rejects US$50 billion from China..." Taiwan News. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.

[167] "Taiwan loses second ally in a month amid China pressure". Channel NewsAsia. 24 May 2018.^{[permanent dead link]}

[168] Solomon, Salem (26 May 2018). "Once Influential in Africa, Taiwan Loses All But One Ally". voanews.com. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

[169] "Taiwan, Swaziland sign pact on joint crime-fighting | FOCUS TAIWAN – CNA ENGLISH NEWS". Focustaiwan.tw. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[170] Hsu, Stacy (9 June 2018). "Swazi king promises loyalty to Taiwan". Taipei Times.

[171] "Ambassador to Eswatini hospitalized: ministry". Taipei Times. 27 June 2018. Ambassador to Eswatini Thomas Chen (陳經銓) has been hospitalized in South Africa after he was found seriously ill in his office on 22 June, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said yesterday.

[172] "Gambia cuts diplomatic ties with Taiwan". GMA News Online. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[OCCRP-173] Khadija Sharife, and Daniela Lepiz, Mark Anderson. "Jammeh's Taiwanese Alliance and the Hezbollah Laundromat". occrp.org. OCCRP. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[174] Ramzy, Austin (18 March 2016). "Chinese Gambia and Taiwan Diplomatic Relations". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[175] "Taiwan now has diplomatic relations with fewer than 20 countries – Quartz". Quartz. May 2018.

[176] "Dominican Republic breaks with Taiwan, forges diplomatic ties with Beijing". South China Morning Post. 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

[177] "El Salvador establece relaciones diplomáticas con China y rompe con Taiwán". TVN. 20 August 2018.

[178] "Taiwán acusa a El Salvador de pedirle "suma astronómica" de ayuda financiera". Critica (in Spanish). 21 August 2018.

[179] "Guatemala: Ex-President Admits Taking Taiwan Bribes" Villegas, Paulina (18 March 2014). The New York Times. MARCH

[180] "Taiwan mum on bribery claims by Guatemala's ex-president". Focus Taiwan News Channel. CNA. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

[181] "Honduras Likely to Follow Nicaragua in Cutting Taiwan Ties as China Courts Latin America". Newsweek. 10 December 2021.

[latam-182] "Taiwan president heads to Latin America after partners switch ties to China". The Guardian. AFP. 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.

[recall-183] "Taiwan recalls Honduran ambassador as country establishes diplomatic ties with China". PBS NewsHour. PBS. Associated Press. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.

[184] "Honduras says plans to open diplomatic relations with China". Al Jazeera. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.

[185] Rhoda Kwan (16 March 2023). "Don't 'quench your thirst with poison', Taiwan tells Honduras after switch to China". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2023.

[hondurasprc-186] Davidson, Helen (26 March 2023). "Honduras says there is 'only one China' as it officially cuts ties with Taiwan". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

[hondurasembassy-187] "Honduras has opened an embassy in China after breaking off ties with Taiwan". World. NPR. Associated Press. 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

[188] "Panamá, ¿una franquicia china?". La Estrella de Panamá. GESE-La Estrella de Panamá.

[189] "Panamá espera jugosas inversiones de China". El Siglo. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.

[190] "China, una agenda ambiciosa". Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.

[191] "Conoce las inversiones que China planea hacer en Panamá". TVN. 17 November 2017.

[192] "Aterriza el primer vuelo de Air China en Panamá | La Prensa Panamá". www.prensa.com. 5 April 2018.

[193] "Air China inaugura vuelo Beijing-Houston-Panamá". La Estrella de Panamá. GESE-La Estrella de Panamá.

[194] "Panama cuts ties with Taiwan in favour of China". BBC News. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[195] "Conoce la posible ruta y estaciones del tren Panamá-Chiriquí". TVN. 17 February 2018.

[196] Long, Tom; Urdinez, Francisco (2020). "Status at the Margins: Why Paraguay Recognizes Taiwan and Shuns China". Foreign Policy Analysis. 17. doi:10.1093/fpa/oraa002.

[197] Thomas A. Marks. Counterrevolution in China: Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[Marks,_p._301-198] Marks, p. 301

[199] Marks, Thomas A. (1996). Counterrevolution in China : Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang. London. p. 301. ISBN 0-7146-4700-4. OCLC 34410395.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[2023election-200] "Paraguay's Taiwan ties safe as ruling party retains presidency". The Guardian. 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

[201] "E-2 Treaty Investors". USCIS. 14 January 2014.

[202] "Treaty Countries". travel.state.gov.

[203] U.S. Congress (1 January 1979), Taiwan Relations Act, American Institute in Taiwan website, archived from the original on 15 August 2012, retrieved 30 January 2011

[204] "Taiwan – United States Trade Representative". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[Taiwan_–_Trade_Summary-205] "Taiwan – Trade Summary" (PDF). Ustr.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[206] "United States and Taiwan Enhance Trade Ties". Ustr.gov. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[207] "Agreement between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs" (PDF). Bilaterals.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[208] "Taiwan-U.S. Relations: Developments and Policy Implications" (PDF). Fas.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[209] Kan, Shirley A.; Morrison, Wayne M. (11 December 2014). "U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues" (PDF). Congressional Research Service: 4.

[210] "Wong, Alex N." Archived from the original on 23 March 2018.

[211] Horton, Chris (21 March 2018). "In Taiwan, U.S. Official Says Commitment 'Has Never Been Stronger'". The New York Times.

[212] "Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan". Reuters. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022. The United States endorses the "One China Policy" and switches diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing

[213] "New Challenges and Opportunities in the Taiwan Strait" (PDF). Ncuscr.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[214] "Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.

[215] "Wilson Center Digital Archive". digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org.

[216] "State Department Daily Press Briefing". Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[217] "Daily Press Briefing – January 7, 2015". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[218] "American Institute in Taiwan – Visa Waiver Program". Ait.org.tw. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[90_days-219] "What visitors should know about updated entry rules – Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.

[220] Lotta Danielsson-Murphy. "USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration". Us-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[221] Lotta Danielsson-Murphy. "USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration – Products". Us-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[222] Lotta Danielsson-Murphy. "USTaiwan Business Council – Defense & Security – Home". Us-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[223] Phipps, Gavin (21 May 2015). "Taiwan 'welcomes' congressional pressure over RIMPAC invitation". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.

[224] "Fulbright Visiting (Non-U.S.) Scholar Program: Participating Country List". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[225] "Fulbright Commissions – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[fulbright.org.tw-226] "Fulbright Taiwan, Foundation for Scholarly Exchange". Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[227] "Pork not a priority between Taiwan, US: official". The China Post. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[228] "Taiwan: US Calls for Diplomatic Relations". UNPO. 19 February 2007. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[229] "Text of S.Con.Res.48 as Introduced in Senate: A concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress regarding... OpenCongress". Opencongress.org. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[230] "US lawmakers introduce bill backing UN membership for Taiwan – Yahoo!…". 20 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007.

[231] "American Institute in Taiwan". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[232] "US approves major arms sale to Taiwan amid trade tensions with Beijing". CNN. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.

[USA_relations-233] "Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan". Reuters. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.

[234] "It's Official! Trump Admin Sends Taiwan F-16 Deal To Congress, Here's What's in It". The Drive. 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.

[235] Blanchard, Ben (9 August 2020). "U.S. health chief arrives in Taiwan on trip condemned by China". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

[azar_visit-236] "Pelosi Taiwan visit: Beijing vows consequences if US politician travels to island". BBC News. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.

[air_zone-237] Wong, Edward; Sanger, David E.; Qin, Amy (25 July 2022). "U.S. Officials Grow More Concerned About Potential Action by China on Taiwan". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2022. as it did in 2020 in response to a visit by Alex Azar, then the U.S. secretary of health and human services. Chinese fighter jets have crossed that line and flown into the island's air defense identification zone with increasing frequency since 2020

[azar_visit_high_profile-238] "US health secretary starts historic Taiwan visit". South China Morning Post. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2022. US Secretary of Health Alex Azar arrived in Taiwan on Sunday, making him the highest ranking American official to visit the island since 1979. The visit is also the most high-profile since the Taiwan Travel Act

[239] "US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi lands in Taiwan amid threats of Chinese retaliation". CNN International. 2 August 2022.

[240] "China held 'combat' patrol after latest US arms sales to Taiwan, says Taipei". Straits Times. 27 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.

[241] "Taiwan reports Chinese 'combat patrol' after Beijing slams US arms deal". Reuters. 27 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.

[242] International Herald TribuneTaiwanese diplomats may have to leave Venezuela^{[permanent dead link]} (18 July 2007). Retrieved 19 December 2007

[243] "Shaping the Future of Asia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.

[FICCI-244] "Taiwan Commercial Relations".^{[permanent dead link]}

[VO-245] "For the ROC, India's in the slightly-less-hard basket". Asia Times. 15 February 2006. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[246] "Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 9, pp. 18–21". Worldlii.org. 1 June 1920. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[247] Chin, Jonathan (15 December 2022). "Taiwan has right to independence: Iranian newspaper". Taipei Times.

[248] "Israeli parliamentary delegation calls for support after Iran's attack". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. 15 April 2024. The delegation, composed of four members from the Israeli Knesset (parliament), thanked Taiwan for its support following the attack...[Tsai] said she looked forward to the two countries leveraging their own industrial strengths and continuing to deepen their partnership based on the shared values of freedom and democracy.

[249] Medzini, Meron (6 August 2021). "Taiwan, Israel deepen friendship, expand exchanges". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 8 April 2022.

[250] Haime, Jordyn (7 April 2024). "As Israel's foreign ties falter amid war in Gaza, Taiwan sees chance to cosy up". SCMP. Taiwan's desire for warmer ties with Israel began long before the October 7 attack. Bilateral trade between the two has grown steadily in recent years, rising to over US$3.2 billion in 2022 from US$2.4 billion the previous year. Taiwanese media and officials often speak with admiration for Israel's strong military and make comparisons between Taiwan and Israel as two isolated democracies with strong tech sectors.

[251] "72 DPP, KMT lawmakers establish joint US caucus". Taipei Times. 24 February 2024. Separately, the Taiwan-Israel Congressional Association was established yesterday to promote people-to-people exchanges; cooperation in agriculture, technology and education; and bilateral visits, association chair DPP Legislator Chung Chia-pin (鍾佳濱) said. Israeli Representative to Taiwan Maya Yaron thanked Taiwan for supporting Israel and said that a parliamentary delegation is to visit the nation in the next few weeks.

[252] "Chinese and South Koreans Formally Establish Relations". The New York Times. 24 August 1992. Retrieved 3 May 2015.

[FT-253] White, Edward (29 January 2018). "Taiwanese suspected of shipping coal from the DPRK to Vietnam". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018.

[254] "Official Website of Malaysian Friendship and Trade Centre, Taipei". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 22 May 2014.

[255] "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia". Taiwan Embassy. Retrieved 22 May 2014.

[256] Green, Robert (1 January 2003). "Onward to Mongolia". Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2009.

[257] Times, MOI rethinks Mongolia, 20 August 2002, p. 2 Archived 29 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 June 2009

[258] "Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year". Taipei Times. 11 October 2002. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory.

[259] "Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China". BBC News. 26 February 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2009.

[260] "The History of MTAC". Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2009.

[261] Blumenthal, Tuvia; Chi, Madeleine (1970). China Diplomacy, 1914–1918. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 9780674118256.

[262] "Taiwan-Mongolia ties move on – Taipei Times". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015.

[263] "ASIA-PACIFIC | Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China". BBC News. 26 February 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2009.

[264] 炮擊金門幕後揭秘：玩弄中蘇同盟種下分裂惡果-歷史名人-文化名城-廣佛都市網. Big5.citygf.com. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[265] "Representative office in Taipei for the Moscow-Taipei Coordination Commission on Economic and Cultural Cooperation v.2.0". Mtc.org.tw. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

[266] 首頁 – 台北莫斯科經濟文化協調委員會駐莫斯科代表處 ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬСТВО В МОСКВЕ ТАЙБЭЙСКО-МОСКОВСКОЙ КООРДИНАЦИОННОЙ КОМИССИИ ПО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМУ И КУЛЬТУРНОМУ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВУ. tmeccc.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.

[267] "Chinese Taipei, Russia Intensify Cooperation". Taiwan.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[268] "Second APEC Ministerial Meeting : Singapore". Apec.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[269] "China warns Singapore officials against future visits to Taiwan". Singapore-window.org. 26 August 2004. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[270] "Singapore denies reports of joint military exercise with Taiwan". www.singapore-window.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.

[271] "A David-and-Goliath tussle: FEER". Singapore-window.org. 5 August 2004. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[272] "Ruby on Rails application could not be started". data.mongabay.com.^{[permanent dead link]}

[273] "BBC ¤¤¤åºô | ¤¤°ê³ø¾É | ¥x¥~ªø¥H""ó"Ë"³ë·s¥[Y¤Þµo§åµû". BBC News. 28 September 2004. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[274] The Diplomat (8 November 2013). "Taiwan-Singapore FTA | Pacific Money". The Diplomat. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[275] "Taiwan, Singapore sign free-trade pact". Taipei Times. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[276] "AEC, ECFA and Vietnam-Taiwan Economic Relations" (PDF). Aseancenter.org.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[277] "Two decades of Taiwan's FDI in Vietnam – An analysis and Assessment" (PDF). Aseancenter.org.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[278] "Marshall Islands president set to visit", Ko Shu-ling, Taipei Times, 26 June 2007

[279] "Taiwan-Pacific Allies Summit to highlight regional issues", China Post, 10 October 2007

[280] "What Really Counts" Archived 26 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Taiwan Review (government website), 30 November 2006

[281] "Chen not planning any transit stops on way to Marshalls", Ko Shu-ling, Taipei Times, 3 October 2007

[282] "Taiwan signs Majuro Declaration with South Pacific allies" Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Taiwan International, 12 October 2007

[283] "Taiwan injects over US$1m into regional development" Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Matangi Tonga, 27 June 2007

[RNZI_37668-284] "Shift expected in Taiwan's Pacific policy". Radio New Zealand International. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[285] "Vice president to visit three allies in South Pacific: official", China Post, 28 January 2008

[286] "Taiwan president-elect vows to end Pacific 'cheque-book diplomacy'", ABC Radio Australia, 26 March 2008

[afp.google.com-287] "Taiwan's next leader urges truce in cash diplomacy battle" Archived 10 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 6 May 2008

[288] "Taiwan foreign minister resigns over diplomatic blunder" Archived 10 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Jonathan Adams,International Herald Tribune, 6 May 2008

[ReferenceA-289] "PNG dismisses Taiwan's diplomatic moves", ABC Radio Australia, 7 May 2008

[290] "Taiwan cancels Pacific islands summit", ABC Radio Australia, 8 October 2008

[291] "Ma plans to visit South Pacific allies", Taipei Times, 10 June 2009

[292] "Taiwan gives to the region", Solomon Star, 14 July 2009

[RNZI_41647-293] "Taiwan calls on Pacific Forum to allow it to be a proper Dialogue Partner". Radio New Zealand International. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[294] O'Malley, Sandra (5 February 2008). "China, Australia hold strategic meeting". The Age. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[295] "Taiwan brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[296] "Taiwan country brief – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[297] "Australia-Taiwan Business Council". Atbc.asn.au. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[298] "Taiwan – Countries and regions – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[299] "Taiwan country brief – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfat.gov.au. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[300] "Organisation of TECO – Organizations – Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia 駐澳大利亞代表處". www.roc-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.

[301] "Home – Taiwan". Study in Australia. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[302] "Taiwan Trade Centre Sydney – Our Services". Sydney.taiwantrade.com.tw. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[303] "Visas and migration – Australian Office". Australia.org.tw. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[304] "Sister Cities : TAIPEI – TAIWAN". Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[305] "Brisbane's Sister City – Kaohsiung". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[306] Strong, Matthew (13 July 2019). "Taiwan forced to change name of office in Fiji due to Chinese bullying". Taiwan News. Retrieved 16 July 2019.

[307] "Fiji office closure not due to pressure from China: ministry". Taipei Times. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.

[308] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – Freedom in the World 2004 – Kiribati". Refworld. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[theage.com.au-309] McDonald, Hamish (10 November 2003). "Tiny Pacific islands play China using the Taiwan card". The Age. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[310] "Freedom in the World – Kiribati (2004)". Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[Currency_of_Persuasion-311] "Currency of Persuasion", New Zealand Listerner, May 2005

[312] "China ceases diplomatic relations with Kiribati", PRC embassy in Estonia, 29 November 2003

[pacificmagazine.net-313] "Kiribati Plays The Game: Taiwan vs. China Battle Continues" Archived 7 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Mac William Bishop, Pacific Magazine, 1 September 2004

[314] "Chinese refuse to leave Kiribati" Archived 6 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Michael Field, 26 October 2005

[315] "Taiwan $3M Keeps Air Pacific Charters Going To Kiritimati Island"^{[permanent dead link]}, Pacific Magazine, 28 September 2008

[316] "Kiribati climate change conference calls for urgent cash and action", The Guardian, 16 November 2010

[317] "Kiribati cuts ties with Taiwan in diplomatic switch to China days after Solomon Islands pivot". ABC News. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

[318] "New Marshall Islands president elected" Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Islands Business, 7 January 2008

[319] "President Litokwa Tomeing welcomes Vice President Annette Lu of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Marshall Islands" Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Office of the President of the Marshall Islands, 30 January 2008

[fsm-320] Doherty, Ben; Lyons, Kate (9 March 2023). "Outgoing president of Micronesia accuses China of bribery, threats and interference". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2023.

[321] PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 9 December 2003

[322] "Joint Communiqué of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Nauru on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations", 22 July 2002

[323] "Taiwan cuts diplomatic ties with Nauru". BBC News. 23 July 2002. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[324] "ROC restores ties with Nauru after 3 years", China Post, 15 May 2005

[RNZI_57025-325] "Nauru urges use of Taiwan medical help". Radio New Zealand International. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[326] "Claims Nauru election won with Taiwan money", ABC Radio Australia, 21 September 2007

[taipeitimes.com-327] "Chen calls new heads of Nauru, Solomon Islands", Taipei Times, 29 December 2007

[328] "Why Beijing cares about tiny Nauru", Lindsey Hilsum, New Statesman, 20 September 2007

[329] "Taiwan's UN bid rejected", People's Daily, 19 September 2008

[payoffs-330] "Nauru officials' 'friendly payoffs'", Brisbane Times, 29 August 2011

[331] "Nauru gets more health aid from Taiwan", Radio New Zealand International, 28 November 2011

[nauru-332] "China visa spat almost derailed Pacific leaders summit in Nauru". The Guardian. 4 September 2018.

[333] Davidson, Helen; Hawkins, Amy (15 January 2024). "Nauru to sever diplomatic ties with Taiwan in favour of China". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 January 2024.

[334] Hoadley, Stephen (1998). New Zealand Taiwan Relations. Auckland: New Zealand Asia Institute, University of Auckland and the Auckland Institute of Studies. pp. 18–25. ISBN 0-473-05545-7.

[335] "Taiwan". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2019.

[336] Craymer, Lucy; Liu, Fanny (10 July 2013). "Taiwan and New Zealand Sign Free-Trade Agreement". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.

[337] "The Republic of China (Taiwan) signs economic cooperation agreement with New Zealand". Republic of China Government. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2022.

[palau-338] Lyons, Kate (7 September 2018). "'Palau against China!': the tiny island defying the world's biggest country". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 September 2018.

[339] Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Republic of Palau 駐帛琉共和國大使館 [Republic of Palau 帛琉共和國] – Embassies & Missions Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) Mobile – 中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網英文網. Mofa.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[340] "Wooing the Islands" Archived 10 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Andre Vltchek, 15 January 2008

[abc-341] Beldi, Laura (28 August 2018). "China's 'tourist ban' leaves Palau struggling to fill hotels and an airline in limbo". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

[342] Losinio, Louella (April 2019). "Taiwanese president inks coastguard agreement with Palau". PNC Guam. Sorensen Media Group. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

[343] "hina Airlines to add a flight to Palau: Tsai". Taipei Times. 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

[344] "PM hails ties with Taiwan" Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Solomon Star, 10 February 2010

[345] "We got your back; DPM assures Taiwan" Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Solomon Star, 9 April 2012

[346] "Chan slams Wikileaks report, vows to seek legal action" Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Solomon Star, 28 October 2011

[347] "Solomon Islands Prime Minister visits Taiwan" Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Taiwan International, 3 March 2008

[348] Lyons, Kate (5 June 2019). "Solomon Islands to Decide Soon on Whether to Cut Ties with Taiwan". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 June 2019.

[sichange-349] "Solomon Islands Poised to Switch Allegiance from Taiwan to China". The Guardian. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.

[350] "Taiwan too late to stop Solomon Islands' diplomatic switch to Beijing". South China Morning Post. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.

[351] "Solomons province chastised for pro-Taiwan stance". Radio NZ. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

[RNZI_37244-352] "Taiwan thanks Tuvalu for its backing". Radio New Zealand International. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[353] "Taiwan: Seeking to Prevent Tuvalu from recognising China" Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, UNPO, 9 October 2006

[tv2019-354] "Tuvalu: Pacific Nation Turns Down Chinese Islands and Backs Taiwan". BBC. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

[vanuatudaily.com-355] "Chinese influence corrupting government: opposition leader" Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Vanuatu Daily, 12 March 2006

[356] "Vanuatu scraps deal with Taiwan". BBC News. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[357] McCartney, Micah (4 March 2021). "Flemish Parliament throws support behind Taiwan". www.taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

[358] Pei-chun, Tang; Yu-chen, Chung; Lim, Emerson. "Flemish parliament passes resolution to strengthen ties with Taiwan". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

[359] Satter, Raphael; Carey, Nick (19 February 2020). Gopalakrishnan, Raju; Popper, Helen (eds.). "China threatened to harm Czech companies over Taiwan visit: letter". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.

[360] "Czech president tries to tamp down China anger after speaker's Taiwan trip". Reuters. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

[361] Christopher Bo Bramsen (2000). "Peace and friendship: Denmark's official relations with China, 1674–2000". NIAS Press. ISBN 87-87062-82-8. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2011.

[362] Mads Kirkebæk (2000). "China and Denmark: relations since 1674". NIAS Press. ISBN 87-87062-71-2. Trade and Economic Relations between Denmark and Taiwan 1949–1997

[363] "European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | Human Rights". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[364] "Trade and Investment Relations between Taiwan and the EU" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.

[365] "Europe-Taiwan partnership to inspire prosperity, stability". The China Post. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[366] "European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU and ROC". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[367] "Taiwan–EU relations". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.

[368] "2469-THIS-IS-EFTA-2012-06:1897-THIS-IS-EFTA-24" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[369] "ECB: External trade". European Central Bank. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[370] 中華民國駐外單位聯合網站. origin-www.roc-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014.

[371] "MEPs back visa waiver for Taiwan". European Parliament. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[372] "Press Release : Visits to the Schengen area: reminder" (PDF). Europa (web portal). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[373] s – čeština (26 September 2011). "Debates – Monday, 26 September 2011 – EU-Taiwan trade (debate)". European Parliament. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[374] "European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU Presence in Taiwan". Europa (web portal). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[375] "Portal of Republic of China (Taiwan) Diplomatic Missions". Taiwanembassy.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[376] Chinese Taipei – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Report). OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers. Oecd.org. 2011. doi:10.1787/5kgcf71l188x-en. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[377] "Trade Facilitation – OECD" (PDF). oecd.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015.

[378] "Country Review: Chinese Taipei | OECD READ edition". OECD Journal: Competition Law and Policy (in French). Keepeek.com. 9 February 2006. doi:10.1787/clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[379] 中華民國國家文官學院與比利時聯邦行政訓練學院簽署文官培訓及研究瞭解備忘錄 – 最新消息. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[380] "EU lawmakers reject granting China the market economy status". EURACTIV.com. 12 May 2016.

[381] Nienaber, Michael (24 January 2021). "Germany urges Taiwan to help ease auto chip shortage". www.reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2021.

[382] "Thanksgiving: 70th Anniv of Diplomatic Ties". www.catholic.org.tw.

[383] Leung (1992), p. 44

[384] Védrenne (2012), p. 42

[385] "China Church Quarterly, Fall 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2021.

[386] "Taiwan says it has Vatican assurances on China accord". www.reuters.com. Reuters. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2021.

[387] ROC severs relations with Italy Archived 2016-05-30 at the Wayback Machine, Taiwan Info, 8 November 1970

[388] New ROC (Taiwan) Ambassador Lee presents his Credentials to Pope Francis Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See

[389] Taiwan's Expanding Role in the International Arena: Entering the United Nations, Maysing H. Yang, Routledge, 3 Jun 2015, page 189

[390] Taiwan shuns Milan expo after sovereignty squabble, Taipei Times, November 26, 2014

[391] Yu-li, Lin; Ya-shih, Huang; Hsu, Elizabeth (22 April 2020). "Taiwanese donations reach Slovenia, Italy in COVID-19 fight". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

[392] China (Taiwan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of (2 May 2019). "MOFA thanks Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania parliamentarians for supporting Taiwan's WHO participation". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 31 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[393] "Taiwan opens representative office in Lithuania". Deutsche Welle. 18 November 2021.

[394] "Lithuanian trade representational office to open in Taiwan this Spring". 1 November 2022.

[395] "EU sues China over sanctions against Lithuania". 27 January 2022.

[396] "China recalls envoy to Lithuania over Taiwan's move to open de facto embassy". South China Morning Post. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.

[397] Kastner, Jens (29 August 2019). "The Dutch Connection Remains Firm". topics.amcham.com.tw. Taiwan Topics. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

[398] Pei-ju, Teng (9 October 2019). "Dutch parliament passes motion supporting Taiwan's international participation". www.taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

[399] "Issue". Mofa.gov.tw. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[400] "我與馬其頓簽國防合作備忘錄" (in Chinese). CTS. 30 October 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

[401] "Slovak parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee thanked by MOFA for resolution backing Taiwan's WHA participation". 12 May 2021.

[402] "UK and Taiwan – UK and the world". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[403] Taiwan. "British Trade & Cultural Office Taiwan". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[404] Wolf, David C. 'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China – 1950. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 18, no. 2, 1983, pp. 299–326. JSTOR.

[TRO_-_U.K.-405] "Taiwan-UK Relations". Taipei Representative Office in the U.K. Retrieved 15 February 2021.

[406] "U.K. renames representative office in Taiwan, retains functions". focustaiwan.tw. 27 May 2015.

[407] "出席國際會議情形".

[408] "ACUNS – Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York". ACUNS. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[409] "Welcome to Association of Asia Pacific Airlines – Member Airlines". Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[410] "Organizational Structures". African-Asian Rural Development Organization. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.

[411] "Amnesty International in Taiwan". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[412] "United Nations". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[413] "Discrimination". Amnesty International. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[414] "Taiwan signs up for human rights". Amnesty International. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[415] "Countries – Asia Council". asianleadershipcentre.org.

[416] "Asian Federation of Biotechnology". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[417] "Asian Federation of Biotechnology". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[418] "AIPP – Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[419] AIPP. "Members". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[420] "Members ANN". Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[421] "A REPORT ON ASIA – PACIFIC ASSOCIATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS (APAARI)" (PDF). Fao.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[422] "Members : APAARI – Asia Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions". Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[423] "Asia / Pacific Group on Money Laundering". Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[424] "Countries in APRICOT's Region". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[425] "Member Directory & Profile | Asian and Oceanian Stock Exchanges Federation". AOSEF. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[426] "Media Release : Sydney Hosts 30th AOSEF General Assembly" (PDF). Aosef.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[427] "Members". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[428] "Asian Network of Major Cities 21". Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[429] "Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (AASSREC) – UNESCO NGO – db". Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[430] "Members of AASSREC". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[431] "Professional Chapters". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[432] "Professional Chapters". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[433] "Treasury Management, Cash Management and Corporate Finance: Association for Financial Professionals (AFP)". Afponline.org. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[434] "Country Profiles – Association for Financial Professionals". Afponline.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[435] "Association of Future Markets – AFM". Afmorg.net. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[436] "Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) – AFM". Afmorg.net. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[437] "Association Montessori Internationale". Retrieved 16 April 2018.

[438] "International Montessori Association () – UNESCO NGO – db". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[439] "Table 6.2 : Foreign direct investments in ASEAN by source country/region" (PDF). Asean.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[440] "APO Asian Productivity Organization". Apo-tokyo.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[441] "Member Economies | APO Asian Productivity Organization". Apo-tokyo.org. 11 May 1961. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[442] "[REPUBLIC OF CHINA] Workshop Meeting of Heads of NPOs | APO Asian Productivity Organization". Apo-tokyo.org. 11 May 1961. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[443] "List of non-member states, intergovernmental organizations and other entities having received invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the general assembly (parts I, II, III and IV) and the economic and social council (part V)" (PDF). www.un.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013.

[444] LFW (8 February 2002). "Agreement – Office of the Legal Adviser". Ilo.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[445] "Taiwan Plays Little Tricks in APEC History". People's Daily. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[446] "Taiwan's roles in APEC's changing regional dynamics". Taiwantoday.tw. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[447] "Member Economies – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation". Apec.org. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[448] "Asian Development Bank and Taipei,China: Fact Sheet | Asian Development Bank". Adb.org. 31 December 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[449] "American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei – Book Review: Complexities of the U.S.-Taiwan Relationship". 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2010.

[451] "Taipei, China". Asian Development Bank Institute. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[452] 霞が関ビルディング｜フロアガイド. kasumigaseki36.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[453] "Get Involved – Association for Information Systems (AIS)". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[454] "AAEA". Aaea-sec.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[455] "Aaea > Aaea Member > Member Countries". Aaea-sec.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[456] "APNIC serves the Asia Pacific region". APNIC. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[457] "National Internet Registries". APNIC. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[458] "About APPU". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[459] "APPU : ASIAN-PACIFIC PARLIAMENTARIANS' UNION – Welcome to ASIAN-PACIFIC PARLIAMENTARIANS' UNION". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[460] 立法院全球資訊網－院內資訊－新聞訊息－王院長主持亞洲太平洋國會議員聯合會第40屆年會閉幕典禮並頒贈「國會外交榮譽獎章」 (in Traditional Chinese). Legislative Yuan. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[461] "Transmitting global liquidity to East Asia: policy rates, bond yields, currencies and dollar cred" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.

[462] "Belmont Forum". Belmont Forum.

[463] "Belmont forum–partner organizations". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.

[464] "Belmont Forum Members – Belmont Forum". igfagcr.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017.

[465] "Welcome to Garden Search!". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[466] "Toward the Creation of a "Cross-Strait Common Market"". Crossstrait.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[467] "boaoforum". boaoforum. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[468] "Professional and academic exams | British Council". britishcouncil.org.tw. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.

[469] "Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development". Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[470] "Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development / International Cooperation". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.

[471] 96 Carbon Storage. "Taiwan : Global Settings". Oceanhealthindex.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[472] "Consumers International – Our members – Member directory". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[473] Council for Security Cooperation in The Asia Pacific, 簡稱 CSCAP (PDF). Aec.gov.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[474] 亞太安全合作理事會中華民國委員會(CSCAP Taiwan). Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[475] "Assessing Track 2 - Diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific Region" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.

[476] "CL.tpf" (PDF). Iiro.nccu.edu.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[477] "CSCAP : Regional Security Outlook" (PDF). Cscap.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[478] "CTBUH Profile". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[479] "Taiwan, China – the Skyscraper Center". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

[480] "TAIPEI 101 – The Skyscraper Center". Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[481] "CCC". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[482] Administrator. "Aims and tasks". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[483] "Full Members – Cumulus, International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media". Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[484] "Education International – Search A Member". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[485] "Education International – Global Unions". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[486] "The Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units". Egmontgroup.org. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[487] "Taipei China [EBRD – About us]". Ebrd.com. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[488] European Patent Office. "EPO – Chinese Taipei (TW)". Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[489] "China (Taipei)". Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.

[490] "CERN-Non Member States". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[491] "Food and Fertilizer Technology Center". Fftc.agnet.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[492] "Taiwan". Fftc.agnet.org. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[493] "Taiwan LII – Taiwan Legal Information Institute". 140.123.5.6. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[494] "Free Access to Law Movement (FALM)". Fatlm.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[495] "Membership and Observership for the European Pharmacopoeia – EDQM". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[496] "National Contact Points (NCPs)". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[497] "Partners". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[498] "Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA – Taiwan". Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[499] "Organization". Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[500] "Fairtrade International / News / Latest News / Single View". Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.

[501] "F.I.P. – Fédération Internationale de Philatélie". Retrieved 14 September 2015.

[502] 我國參與之重要國際農漁業組織及活動(農委會). Coa.gov.tw. 28 November 2007. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[503] "FIABCI : International Real Estate Federation Homepage". Fiabci.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016./

[504] "Welcome to FIABCI – the International Real Estate Federation". Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2014.

[505] "Freedominfo Global Network". Freedominfo.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[506] "FreedomInfo | Taiwan". Freedom Info. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

v t e Foreign relations of Taiwan
Africa	Burkina Faso Chad Eswatini Gambia Libya Malawi São Tomé and Príncipe Somaliland South Africa
Americas	Argentina Belize Brazil Canada Chile Dominican Republic Guatemala Haiti Mexico Paraguay Peru United States Taiwan Relations Act Taiwan Travel Act TAIPEI Act Venezuela
Asia	Bangladesh China Hong Kong India Indonesia Israel Japan Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore Saudi Arabia South Korea Thailand Turkey Vietnam
Europe	Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Holy See Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania North Macedonia Norway Netherlands Poland Russia Spain Sweden Slovakia Ukraine United Kingdom
Oceania	Australia Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Palau Solomon Islands Tuvalu
Multilateral	Africa Arab World Caribbean European Union Latin America Oceania countries Third World United Nations World Health Organization
Administration and Policies	Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of / in Taiwan New Southbound Policy Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan Visa policy / requirements
Related	Chinese Taipei Passport Political status
Timeline of diplomatic relations

v t e Foreign relations of Asia
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal

v t e Cross-strait relations
Diplomatic posts	Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan) Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan) Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau
Diplomacy	Opening of the South-North route Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping Kinmen Agreement Wang–Koo summit Cross-strait charter 2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum May 17 Statement 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China Cross-strait high-level talks First Chen–Chiang summit Second Chen–Chiang summit Fourth Chen–Chiang summit Fifth Chen–Chiang summit Sixth Chen–Chiang summit Seventh Chen–Chiang summit Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait CEO Summit Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline 2014 Wang–Zhang meetings 2015 Xi–Chu meeting Ma–Xi meeting Straits Forum Shanghai-Taipei City Forum Second Ma–Xi meeting
Conflicts	Chinese Civil War Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan Guanbi policy First Taiwan Strait Crisis Project National Glory Battle of Dong-Yin Battle of Dongshan Battle of East Chongwu Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Senkaku Islands Dispute
Incidents	Capture of the Tuapse Kashmir Princess United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations CAAC Flight 296 China Airlines Flight 334 1987 Lieyu massacre Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident Min Ping Yu No. 5202 1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions Qiandao Lake incident China Airlines Flight 611 Sunflower Student Movement Braga incident Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement Wang Liqiang Freedom pineapples 2021 Solomon Islands unrest Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 2022 2023 2024 2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident
Legislation	Cross-Strait Act Proposed National Unification Promotion Law Anti-Secession Law Anti-Infiltration Act
Organizations	All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum Cross-Strait Peace Forum Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum Mainland Affairs Council National Unification Council Straits Exchange Foundation Taiwan Affairs Office Taiwan Competitiveness Forum Taiwan Strait Tourism Association
Concepts	1992 Consensus China Circle Chinese unification Chinese nationalism Chinese irredentism Chinese Taipei Cross-Strait Economic Zone Dang Guo Four Noes and One Without Greater China Han chauvinism One China One-China policy One Country on Each Side One country, two systems Propaganda in China Cross-strait propaganda Republic of China on Taiwan Self-determination Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang Socialism with Chinese characteristics Special non-state-to-state relations Six Assurances Taiwan, China Two Chinas Three Noes Three Links Taiwan consensus Taiwan independence movement Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan United front in Taiwan Under the Roof of One China Xi Jinping Thought Zhonghua minzu
Related	Fujian–Taiwan relationship Hong Kong–Taiwan relations Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council Pro-ROC camp Chinese Travel Document Taiwan Entry Permit Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident Cross-strait language database ECFA Debate HMS Aurora (12) China and the United Nations China and the World Bank Chinese intelligence activity abroad Chinese information operations and information warfare Chinese Soviet Republic Freedom of religion in China Foreign relations of China Timeline of diplomatic relations with China Political status of Taiwan Foreign relations of Taiwan Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity Timeline of diplomatic relations with Taiwan Geostrategy in Taiwan Anti-Communist Hero Milk Tea Alliance Taishang G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway China National Highway 228 (Taiwan) Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama The World Turned Upside Down Go and Reclaim the Mainland Pro-Republic of China
Category:Cross-strait relations