Radeon
.svg){kind=small}  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Release date | 1 April 2000 by ATI Technologies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufactured by | ATI Technologies AMD Samsung TSMC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Designed by | ATI (2000–2006) AMD (2006–present) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Models | 2000–02: Radeon 7000, 8000, 9000 series | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transistors |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fabrication process | 180 nm to 5 nm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Rage | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Radeon (/ˈreɪdiɒn/) is a brand of computer products, including graphics processing units, random-access memory, RAM disk software, and solid-state drives, produced by Radeon Technologies Group, a division of AMD.[1] The brand was launched in 2000 by ATI Technologies, which was acquired by AMD in 2006 for US$5.4 billion.
Radeon Graphics
[edit]Radeon Graphics is the successor to the Rage line. Four different families of microarchitectures can be roughly distinguished, the fixed-pipeline family, the unified shader model-families of TeraScale, Graphics Core Next, and RDNA. ATI/AMD have developed different technologies, such as TruForm, HyperMemory, HyperZ, XGP, Eyefinity for multi-monitor setups, PowerPlay for power-saving, CrossFire (for multi-GPU) or Hybrid Graphics. A range of SIP blocks is also to be found on certain models in the Radeon products line: Unified Video Decoder, Video Coding Engine and TrueAudio.
The brand was previously only known as "ATI Radeon" until August 2010, when it was renamed to increase AMD's brand awareness on a global scale.[2] Products up to and including the HD 5000 series are branded as ATI Radeon, while the HD 6000 series and beyond use the new AMD Radeon branding.[3]
On 11 September 2015, AMD's GPU business was split into a separate unit known as Radeon Technologies Group, with Raja Koduri as Senior Vice President and chief architect.[1][4]
Radeon Graphics card brands
[edit]AMD does not distribute Radeon cards directly to consumers (though some exceptions can be found).[5] Instead, it sells Radeon GPUs to third-party manufacturers, who build and sell the Radeon-based video cards to the OEM and retail channels. Manufacturers of the Radeon cards—some of whom also make motherboards—include ASRock, Asus, Biostar, Club 3D, Diamond, Force3D, Gainward, Gigabyte, HIS, MSI, PowerColor, Sapphire, VisionTek, and XFX.
Graphics processor generations
[edit]| 2000 | Radeon R100 |
|---|---|
| 2001 | Radeon R200 |
| 2002 | Radeon R300 |
| 2003 | |
| 2004 | Radeon R400 |
| 2005 | Radeon R500 |
| 2006 | |
| 2007 | Radeon R600 |
| Radeon RV670 | |
| 2008 | Radeon R700 |
| 2009 | Evergreen |
| 2010 | Northern Islands |
| 2011 | |
| 2012 | Southern Islands |
| 2013 | Sea Islands |
| 2014 | |
| 2015 | Volcanic Islands |
| 2016 | Arctic Islands |
| 2017 | Polaris |
| Vega | |
| 2018 | |
| 2019 | Navi |
| 2020 | Navi 2X |
| 2021 | |
| 2022 | Navi 3X |
Early generations were identified with a number and major/minor alphabetic prefix. Later generations were assigned code names. New or heavily redesigned architectures have a prefix of R (e.g., R300 or R600) while slight modifications are indicated by the RV prefix (e.g., RV370 or RV635).
The first derivative architecture, RV200, did not follow the scheme used by later parts.
Fixed-pipeline family
[edit]R100/RV200
[edit]The Radeon, first introduced in 2000, was ATI's first graphics processor to be fully DirectX 7 compliant. R100 brought with it large gains in bandwidth and fill-rate efficiency through the new HyperZ technology.
The RV200 was a die-shrink of the former R100 with some core logic tweaks for clockspeed, introduced in 2002. The only release in this generation was the Radeon 7500, which introduced little in the way of new features but offered substantial performance improvements over its predecessors.
R200
[edit]ATI's second generation Radeon included a sophisticated pixel shader architecture. This chipset implemented Microsoft's pixel shader 1.4 specification for the first time.
Its performance relative to competitors was widely perceived as weak, and subsequent revisions of this generation were cancelled in order to focus on development of the next generation.
R300/R350
[edit]The R300 was the first GPU to fully support Microsoft's DirectX 9.0 technology upon its release in 2001. It incorporated fully programmable pixel and vertex shaders.
About a year later, the architecture was revised to allow for higher frequencies, more efficient memory access, and several other improvements in the R350 family. A budget line of RV350 products was based on this refreshed design with some elements disabled or removed.
Models using the new PCI Express interface were introduced in 2004. Using 110-nm and 130-nm manufacturing technologies under the X300 and X600 names, respectively, the RV370 and RV380 graphics processors were used extensively by consumer PC manufacturers.
R420
[edit]While heavily based upon the previous generation, this line included extensions to the Shader Model 2 feature-set. Shader Model 2b, the specification ATI and Microsoft defined with this generation, offered somewhat more shader program flexibility.
R520
[edit]ATI's DirectX 9.0c series of graphics cards, with complete shader Model 3.0 support. Launched in October 2005, this series brought a number of enhancements including the floating point render target technology necessary for HDR rendering with anti-aliasing.
TeraScale-family
[edit]R600
[edit]ATI's first series of GPUs to replace the old fixed-pipeline and implement unified shader model. Subsequent revisions tuned the design for higher performance and energy efficiency, resulting in the ATI Mobility Radeon HD series for mobile computers.
R700
[edit]Based on the R600 architecture. Mostly a bolstered with many more stream processors, with improvements to power consumption and GDDR5 support for the high-end RV770 and RV740(HD4770) chips. It arrived in late June 2008. The HD 4850 and HD 4870 have 800 stream processors and GDDR3 and GDDR5 memory, respectively. The 4890 was a refresh of 4870 with the same amount of stream processors yet higher clock rates due to refinements. The 4870x2 has 1600 stream processors and GDDR5 memory on an effective 512-bit memory bus with 230.4 Gbit/s video memory bandwidth available.
Evergreen
[edit]The series was launched on 23 September 2009. It featured a 40 nm fabrication process for the entire product line (only the HD4770 (RV740) was built on this process previously), with more stream cores and compatibility with the next major version of the DirectX API, DirectX 11, which launched on 22 October 2009 along with Microsoft Windows 7. The Rxxx/RVxxx codename scheme was scrapped entirely. The initial launch consisted of only the 5870 and 5850 models. ATI released beta drivers that introduced full OpenGL 4.0 support on all variants of this series in March 2010.[6]
Northern Islands
[edit]
This is the first series to be marketed solely under the "AMD" brand. It features a 3rd generation 40 nm design, rebalancing the existing architecture with redesigned shaders to give it better performance. It was released first on 22 October 2010, in the form of the 6850 and 6870. 3D output is enabled with HDMI 1.4a and DisplayPort 1.2 outputs.
Graphics Core Next-family
[edit]
Southern Islands
[edit]"Southern Islands" was the first series to feature the new compute microarchitecture known as "Graphics Core Next"(GCN). GCN was used among the higher end cards, while the VLIW5 architecture utilized in the previous generation was used in the lower end, OEM products. However, the Radeon HD 7790 uses GCN 2, and was the first product in the series to be released by AMD on 9 January 2012.
Sea Islands
[edit]The "Sea Islands" were OEM rebadges of the 7000 series, with only three products, code named Oland, available for general retail. The series, just like the "Southern Islands", used a mixture of VLIW5 models and GCN models for its desktop products.
Volcanic Islands
[edit]"Volcanic Islands" GPUs were introduced with the AMD Radeon Rx 200 series, and were first released in late 2013.[8] The Radeon Rx 200 line is mainly based on AMD's GCN architecture, with the lower end, OEM cards still using VLIW5. The majority of desktop products use GCN 1, while the R9 290x/290 & R7 260X/260 use GCN 2, and with only the R9 285 using the new GCN 3.[9]
Caribbean Islands
[edit]GPUs codenamed "Caribbean Islands"[10] were introduced with the AMD Radeon Rx 300 series, released in 2015. This series was the first to solely use GCN based models, ranging from GCN 1st to GCN 3rd Gen, including the GCN 3-based Fiji-architecture models named Fury X, Fury, Nano and the Radeon Pro Duo.
Arctic Islands
[edit]GPUs codenamed "Arctic Islands" were first introduced with the Radeon RX 400 series in June 2016 with the announcement of the RX 480.[11] These cards were the first to use the new Polaris chips which implements GCN 4th Gen on the 14 nm fab process. The RX 500 series released in April 2017 also uses Polaris chips.[12]
Vega
[edit]RDNA-family
[edit]RDNA 1
[edit]On 27 May 2019, at COMPUTEX 2019, AMD announced the new 'RDNA' graphics micro-architecture,[13] which is to succeed the Graphics Core Next micro-architecture. This is the basis for the Radeon RX 5700-series graphics cards, the first to be built under the codename 'Navi'. These cards feature GDDR6 SGRAM and support for PCI Express 4.0.
RDNA 2
[edit]On 5 March 2020, AMD publicly announced its plan to release a "refresh" of the RDNA micro-architecture.[14] Dubbed as the RDNA 2 architecture, it was stated to succeed the first-gen RDNA micro-architecture and was initially scheduled for a release in Q4 2020. RDNA 2 was confirmed as the graphics microarchitecture featured in the Xbox Series X and Series S consoles[15] from Microsoft, and PlayStation 5[16] from Sony, with proprietary tweaks and different GPU configurations in each systems' implementation.
AMD unveiled the Radeon RX 6000 series, its next-gen RDNA 2 graphics cards at an online event on 28 October 2020.[17][18] The lineup consists of the RX 6800, RX 6800 XT and RX 6900 XT.[19][20] The RX 6800 and 6800 XT launched on 18 November 2020, with the RX 6900 XT being released on 8 December 2020.[21] Further variants including a Radeon RX 6700 (XT) series based on Navi 22, launched on 18 March 2021, a Radeon RX 6600(XT) series based on Navi 23, launched on 11 August 2021 (that is the 6600XT release date, the RX 6600 launched on 13 October 2021), and a Radeon RX 6500(XT), launched on 19 January 2022.[22][23][24][25][26]
API overview
[edit]Some generations vary from their predecessors predominantly due to architectural improvements, while others were adapted primarily to new manufacturing processes with fewer functional changes. The table below summarizes the APIs supported in each Radeon generation (including pre-Radeon ATI GPUs). Also see AMD FireStream and AMD FirePro branded products. The following table shows the graphics and compute APIs support across ATI/AMD GPU microarchitectures. Note that this table include microarchitectures used in ATI products prior to Radeon, and a branding series might include older generation chips.
| Chip series | Microarchitecture | Fab | Supported APIs | AMD support | Year introduced | Introduced with | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rendering | Computing / ROCm | |||||||||
| Vulkan[27] | OpenGL[28] | Direct3D | HSA | OpenCL | ||||||
| Wonder | Fixed-pipeline[a] | 1000 nm 800 nm |
— | — | — | — | — | Ended | 1986 | Graphics Solutions |
| Mach | 800 nm 600 nm |
1991 | Mach8 | |||||||
| 3D Rage | 500 nm | 5.0 | 1996 | 3D Rage | ||||||
| Rage Pro | 350 nm | 1.1 | 6.0 | 1997 | Rage Pro | |||||
| Rage 128 | 250 nm | 1.2 | 1998 | Rage 128 GL/VR | ||||||
| R100 | 180 nm 150 nm |
1.3 | 7.0 | 2000 | Radeon | |||||
| R200 | Programmable pixel & vertex pipelines |
150 nm | 8.1 | 2001 | Radeon 8500 | |||||
| R300 | 150 nm 130 nm 110 nm |
2.0[b] | 9.0 11 (FL 9_2) |
2002 | Radeon 9700 | |||||
| R420 | 130 nm 110 nm |
9.0b 11 (FL 9_2) |
2004 | Radeon X800 | ||||||
| R520 | 90 nm 80 nm |
9.0c 11 (FL 9_3) |
2005 | Radeon X1800 | ||||||
| R600 | TeraScale 1 | 80 nm 65 nm |
3.3 | 10.0 11 (FL 10_0) |
ATI Stream | 2007 | Radeon HD 2900 XT | |||
| RV670 | 55 nm | 10.1 11 (FL 10_1) |
ATI Stream APP[29] | Radeon HD 3850/3870 | ||||||
| RV770 | 55 nm 40 nm |
1.0 | 2008 | Radeon HD 4850/4870 | ||||||
| Evergreen | TeraScale 2 | 40 nm | 4.5 (Linux 4.2) [30][31][32][c] |
11 (FL 11_0) | 1.2 | 2009 | Radeon HD 5850/5870 | |||
| Northern Islands | TeraScale 2 TeraScale 3 |
2010 | Radeon HD 6850/6870 Radeon HD 6950/6970 | |||||||
| Southern Islands | GCN 1st gen | 28 nm | 1.0 | 4.6 | 11 (FL 11_1) 12 (FL11_1) |
|
1.2 2.0 possible |
2012 | Radeon HD 7950/7970 | |
| Sea Islands | GCN 2nd gen | 1.2 | 11 (FL 12_0) 12 (FL 12_0) |
2.0 (1.2 in MacOS, Linux) 2.1 Beta in Linux ROCm 2.2 possible |
2013 | Radeon HD 7790 | ||||
| Volcanic Islands | GCN 3rd gen | 2014 | Radeon R9 285 | |||||||
| Arctic Islands | GCN 4th gen | 28 nm 14 nm |
1.2
1.3 (GCN 4) |
Supported | 2016 | Radeon RX 480 | ||||
| Polaris | 2017 | Radeon 520/530 Radeon RX 530/550/570/580 | ||||||||
| Vega | GCN 5th gen | 14 nm 7 nm |
1.3 | 11 (FL 12_1) 12 (FL 12_1) |
2017 | Radeon Vega Frontier Edition | ||||
| Navi | RDNA | 7 nm | 2019 | Radeon RX 5700 (XT) | ||||||
| Navi 2X | RDNA 2 | 7 nm 6 nm |
11 (FL 12_1) 12 (FL 12_2) |
2020 | Radeon RX 6800 (XT) | |||||
| Navi 3X | RDNA 3 | 6 nm 5 nm |
2022 | Radeon RX 7900 XT(X) | ||||||
- ^ Radeon 7000 Series has programmable pixel shaders, but do not fully comply with DirectX 8 or Pixel Shader 1.0. See article on R100's pixel shaders.
- ^ These series do not fully comply with OpenGL 2+ as the hardware does not support all types of non-power-of-two (NPOT) textures.
- ^ OpenGL 4+ compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders and these are emulated on some TeraScale chips using 32-bit hardware.
Feature overview
[edit]The following table shows features of AMD/ATI's GPUs (see also: List of AMD graphics processing units).
| Name of GPU series | Wonder | Mach | 3D Rage | Rage Pro | Rage 128 | R100 | R200 | R300 | R400 | R500 | R600 | RV670 | R700 | Evergreen | Northern Islands |
Southern Islands |
Sea Islands |
Volcanic Islands |
Arctic Islands/Polaris |
Vega | Navi 1x | Navi 2x | Navi 3x | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Released | 1986 | 1991 | Apr 1996 |
Mar 1997 |
Aug 1998 |
Apr 2000 |
Aug 2001 |
Sep 2002 |
May 2004 |
Oct 2005 |
May 2007 |
Nov 2007 |
Jun 2008 |
Sep 2009 |
Oct 2010 |
Dec 2010 |
Jan 2012 |
Sep 2013 |
Jun 2015 |
Jun 2016, Apr 2017, Aug 2019 | Jun 2017, Feb 2019 | Jul 2019 |
Nov 2020 |
Dec 2022 | |||
| Marketing Name | Wonder | Mach | 3D Rage |
Rage Pro |
Rage 128 |
Radeon 7000 |
Radeon 8000 |
Radeon 9000 |
Radeon X700/X800 |
Radeon X1000 |
Radeon HD 2000 |
Radeon HD 3000 |
Radeon HD 4000 |
Radeon HD 5000 |
Radeon HD 6000 |
Radeon HD 7000 |
Radeon 200 |
Radeon 300 |
Radeon 400/500/600 |
Radeon RX Vega, Radeon VII |
Radeon RX 5000 |
Radeon RX 6000 |
Radeon RX 7000 | ||||
| AMD support | 
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kind | 2D | 3D | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Instruction set architecture | Not publicly known | TeraScale instruction set | GCN instruction set | RDNA instruction set | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microarchitecture | TeraScale 1 (VLIW) |
TeraScale 2 (VLIW5) |
TeraScale 2 (VLIW5) up to 68xx |
TeraScale 3 (VLIW4) in 69xx [36][37] |
GCN 1st gen |
GCN 2nd gen |
GCN 3rd gen |
GCN 4th gen |
GCN 5th gen |
RDNA | RDNA 2 | RDNA 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Type | Fixed pipeline[a] | Programmable pixel & vertex pipelines | Unified shader model | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct3D | — | 5.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 9.0 11 (9_2) |
9.0b 11 (9_2) |
9.0c 11 (9_3) |
10.0 11 (10_0) |
10.1 11 (10_1) |
11 (11_0) | 11 (11_1) 12 (11_1) |
11 (12_0) 12 (12_0) |
11 (12_1) 12 (12_1) |
11 (12_1) 12 (12_2) | ||||||||||||
| Shader model | — | 1.4 | 2.0+ | 2.0b | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 6.5 |
6.7 | ||||||||||||||||
| OpenGL | — | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.1[b][38] | 3.3 | 4.5[39][40][41][c] | 4.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Vulkan | — | 1.1 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OpenCL | — | Close to Metal | 1.1 (not supported by Mesa) | 1.2+ (on Linux: 1.1+ (no Image support on clover, with by rustiCL) with Mesa, 1.2+ on GCN 1.Gen) | 2.0+ (Adrenalin driver on Win7+) (on Linux ROCM, Mesa 1.2+ (no Image support in clover, but in rustiCL with Mesa, 2.0+ and 3.0 with AMD drivers or AMD ROCm), 5th gen: 2.2 win 10+ and Linux RocM 5.0+ |
2.2+ and 3.0 windows 8.1+ and Linux ROCM 5.0+ (Mesa rustiCL 1.2+ and 3.0 (2.1+ and 2.2+ wip))[42][43][44] | |||||||||||||||||||||
| HSA / ROCm | — |
|
? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Video decoding ASIC | — | Avivo/UVD | UVD+ | UVD 2 | UVD 2.2 | UVD 3 | UVD 4 | UVD 4.2 | UVD 5.0 or 6.0 | UVD 6.3 | UVD 7 [45][d] | VCN 2.0 [45][d] | VCN 3.0 [46] | VCN 4.0 | |||||||||||||
| Video encoding ASIC | — | VCE 1.0 | VCE 2.0 | VCE 3.0 or 3.1 | VCE 3.4 | VCE 4.0 [45][d] | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fluid Motion [e] |
|
|
|
? | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Power saving | ? | PowerPlay | PowerTune | PowerTune & ZeroCore Power | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| TrueAudio | — | Via dedicated DSP | Via shaders | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FreeSync | — | 1 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HDCP[f] | — | ? | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.3 [47] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| PlayReady[f] | — | 3.0 |
|
3.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported displays[g] | 1–2 | 2 | 2–6 | ? | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Max. resolution | ? | 2–6 × 2560×1600 |
2–6 × 4096×2160 @ 30 Hz |
2–6 × 5120×2880 @ 60 Hz |
3 × 7680×4320 @ 60 Hz [48] |
7680×4320 @ 60 Hz PowerColor |
7680x4320
@165 HZ | ||||||||||||||||||||
/drm/radeon[h]
|
|
— | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
/drm/amdgpu[h]
|
— | Optional [49] |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
- ^ The Radeon 100 Series has programmable pixel shaders, but do not fully comply with DirectX 8 or Pixel Shader 1.0. See article on R100's pixel shaders.
- ^ R300, R400 and R500 based cards do not fully comply with OpenGL 2+ as the hardware does not support all types of non-power of two (NPOT) textures.
- ^ OpenGL 4+ compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders and these are emulated on some TeraScale chips using 32-bit hardware.
- ^ a b c The UVD and VCE were replaced by the Video Core Next (VCN) ASIC in the Raven Ridge APU implementation of Vega.
- ^ Video processing for video frame rate interpolation technique. In Windows it works as a DirectShow filter in your player. In Linux, there is no support on the part of drivers and / or community.
- ^ a b To play protected video content, it also requires card, operating system, driver, and application support. A compatible HDCP display is also needed for this. HDCP is mandatory for the output of certain audio formats, placing additional constraints on the multimedia setup.
- ^ More displays may be supported with native DisplayPort connections, or splitting the maximum resolution between multiple monitors with active converters.
- ^ a b DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) is a component of the Linux kernel. AMDgpu is the Linux kernel module. Support in this table refers to the most current version.
Graphics device drivers
[edit]AMD's proprietary graphics "Radeon Software" (Formerly Catalyst)
[edit]On 24 November 2015, AMD released a new version of their graphics driver following the formation of the Radeon Technologies Group (RTG) to provide extensive software support for their graphics cards. This driver, labelled Radeon Software Crimson Edition, overhauls the UI with Qt, resulting in better responsiveness from a design and system perspective. It includes a new interface featuring a game manager, clocking tools, and sections for different technologies.[50]
Unofficial modifications such as Omega drivers and DNA drivers were available. These drivers typically consist of mixtures of various driver file versions with some registry variables altered and are advertised as offering superior performance or image quality. They are, of course, unsupported, and as such, are not guaranteed to function correctly. Some of them also provide modified system files for hardware enthusiasts to run specific graphics cards outside of their specifications.[citation needed]
On operating systems
[edit]
Radeon Software is being developed for Microsoft Windows and Linux. As of January 2019[update], other operating systems are not officially supported. This may be different for the Radeon Pro brand, which is based on identical hardware but features OpenGL-certified graphics device drivers.
ATI previously offered driver updates for their retail and integrated Macintosh video cards and chipsets. ATI stopped support for Mac OS 9 after the Radeon R200 cards, making the last officially supported card the Radeon 9250. The Radeon R100 cards up to the Radeon 7200 can still be used with even older classic Mac OS versions such as System 7, although not all features are taken advantage of by the older operating system.[53]
Ever since ATI's acquisition by AMD, ATI no longer supplies or supports drivers for classic Mac OS nor macOS. macOS drivers can be downloaded from Apple's support website, while classic Mac OS drivers can be obtained from 3rd party websites that host the older drivers for users to download. ATI used to provide a preference panel for use in macOS called ATI Displays which can be used both with retail and OEM versions of its cards. Though it gives more control over advanced features of the graphics chipset, ATI Displays has limited functionality compared to Catalyst for Windows or Linux.
Third-party free and open-source "Radeon"
[edit]The free and open-source for Direct Rendering Infrastructure has been under constant development by the Linux kernel developers, by 3rd party programming enthusiasts and by AMD employees. It is composed out of five parts:
- Linux kernel component DRM
- this part received dynamic re-clocking support in Linux kernel version 3.12 and its performance has become comparable to that of AMD Catalyst
- Linux kernel component KMS driver: basically the device driver for the display controller
- user-space component libDRM
- user-space component in Mesa 3D; currently most of these components are written conforming to the Gallium3D-specifications.
- all drivers in Mesa 3D with Version 10.x (last 10.6.7) are as of September 2014 limited to OpenGL version 3.3 and OpenGL ES 3.0.
- all drivers in Mesa 3D with Version 11.x (last 11.2.2) are as of Mai 2016 limited to OpenGL version 4.1 and OpenGL ES 3.0 or 3.1 (11.2+).
- all drivers in Mesa 3D with version 12.x (in June 2016) can support OpenGL version 4.3.[54]
- all drivers in Mesa 3D with Version 13.0.x ( in November 2016) can support OpenGL 4.4 and unofficial 4.5.
- all drivers in Mesa 3D with Version 17.0.x ( in January 2017) can support OpenGL 4.5 and OpenGL ES 3.2
- Actual Hardware Support for different MESA versions see: glxinfo [55]
- AMD R600/700 since Mesa 10.1: OpenGL 3.3+, OpenGL ES 3.0+ (+: some more Features of higher Levels and Mesa Version)
- AMD R800/900 (Evergreen, Northern Islands): OpenGL 4.1+ (Mesa 13.0+), OpenGL ES 3.0+ (Mesa 10.3+)
- AMD GCN (Southern/Sea Islands and newer): OpenGL 4.5+ (Mesa 17.0+), OpenGL ES 3.2+ (Mesa 18.0+), Vulkan 1.0 (Mesa 17.0+), Vulkan 1.1 (GCN 2nd Gen+, Mesa 18.1+)
- a special and distinct 2D graphics device driver for X.Org Server, which is finally about to be replaced by Glamor
- OpenCL with GalliumCompute (previous Clover) is not full developed in 1.0, 1.1 and only parts of 1.2. Some OpenCL conformance tests were failed in 1.0 and 1.1, most in 1.2. ROCm is developed by AMD and Open Source. OpenCL 1.2 is full supported with OpenCL 2.0 language. Only CPU or GCN-Hardware with PCIe 3.0 is supported. So GCN 3rd Gen. or higher is here full usable for OpenCL 1.2 software.
Supported features
[edit]The free and open-source driver supports many of the features available in Radeon-branded cards and APUs, such as multi-monitor or hybrid graphics.
Linux
[edit]The free and open-source drivers are primarily developed on Linux and for Linux.
Other operating systems
[edit]Being entirely free and open-source software, the free and open-source drivers can be ported to any existing operating system. Whether they have been, and to what extent depends entirely on the man-power available. Available support shall be referenced here.
FreeBSD adopted DRI, and since Mesa 3D is not programmed for Linux, it should have identical support.[citation needed]
MorphOS supports 2D and 3D acceleration for Radeon R100, R200 and R300 chipsets.[56]
AmigaOS 4 supports Radeon R100, R200, R300,[57] R520 (X1000 series), R700 (HD 4000 series), HD 5000 (Evergreen) series, HD 6000 (Northern Islands) series and HD 7000 (Southern Islands) series.[58] The RadeonHD AmigaOS 4 driver has been developed by Hans de Ruiter[59] funded and owned by A-EON Technology Ltd. The older R100 and R200 "ATIRadeon" driver for AmigaOS, originally developed Forefront Technologies has been acquired by A-EON Technology Ltd in 2015.
In the past ATI provided hardware and technical documentation to the Haiku Project to produce drivers with full 2D and video in/out support on older Radeon chipsets (up to R500) for Haiku. A new Radeon HD driver was developed with the unofficial and indirect guidance of AMD open source engineers and currently exists in recent Haiku versions. The new Radeon HD driver supports native mode setting on R600 through Southern Islands GPU's.[60]
Embedded GPU products
[edit]AMD (and its predecessor ATI) have released a series of embedded GPUs targeted toward medical, entertainment, and display devices.
| Model | Released | Shaders (Compute Units) | FP power Single Precision | Memory | Memory band-with | Memory clock | OpenGL Version | OpenCL Version | DirectX Version | Vulkan | UVD | Power | Output |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E9550 (Polaris, GCN 4)[61] | 2016-09-27 | 2304 (36 CU) | 5834 GFLOPS | 8 GB GDDR5 | 256 Bit | 2000 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 95 Watt | MXM-B |
| E9260 (GCN 4)[62] | 2016-09-27 | 896 (14 CU) | 2150 GFLOPS | 4 GB GDDR5 | 128 Bit | 1750 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 50 W | PCIe 3.0, MXM-A |
| E9171 MCM (GCN 4)[63] | 2017-10-03 | 512 (8 CU) | 1248 GFLOPS | 4 GB GDDR5 | 128 Bit | 1500 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 40 W | PCIe 3.0 x8 |
| E9172 MXM (GCN 4)[64] | 2017-10-03 | 512 (8 CU) | 1248 GFLOPS | 2 GB GDDR5 | 64 Bit | 1500 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 35 W | MXM-A 3.0 |
| E9173 PCIe (GCN 4)[65] | 2017-10-03 | 512 (8 CU) | 1248 GFLOPS | 2 GB GDDR5 | 64 Bit | 1500 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 35 W | PCIe 3.0 x8 |
| E9174 MXM (GCN 4)[66] | 2017-10-03 | 512 (8 CU) | 1248 GFLOPS | 4 GB GDDR5 | 128 Bit | 1500 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 50 W | MXM-A 3.0 |
| E9175 PCIe (GCN 4)[67] | 2017-10-03 | 512 (8 CU) | 1248 GFLOPS | 4 GB GDDR5 | 128 Bit | 1500 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 50 W | PCIe 3.0 x8 |
| E8950 (GCN 3)[68] | 2015-09-29 | 2048 (32 CU) | 3010 GFLOPS | 8 GB GDDR5 | 128 Bit | 1500 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 4.2 | 95 W | MXM-B |
| E8870 (GCN 2)[69] | 2015-09-29 | 768 (12 CU) | 1536 GFLOPS | 4 GB GDDR5 | 128 Bit | 1500 MHz | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.1 | 4.2 | 75 W | PCIe 3.0, MXM-B |
| E8860 (GCN 1)[70][71][72] | 2014-01-25 | 640 (10 CU) | 800 GFLOPS | 2 GB GDDR5 | 128 Bit | 1125 MHz | 4.5 | 1.2 | 12.0 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 37 W | PCIe 3.0, MXM-B |
| E6760 (Turks)[73][74] | 2011-05-02 | 480 (6 CU) | 576 GFLOPS | 1 GB GDDR5 | 128 Bit | 800 MHz | 4.3 | 1.2 | 11 | N/A | 3.0 | 35 W | PCIe 2.1, MXM-A, MCM |
| E6465 (Caicos)[75][76] | 2015-09-29 | 160 (2 CU) | 192 GFLOPS | 2 GB GDDR5 | 64 Bit | 800 MHz | 4.5 | 1.2 | 11.1 | N/A | 3.0 | < 20 W | PCIe 2.1, MXM-A, MCM |
| E6460 (Caicos)[77][78] | 2011-04-07 | 160 (2 CU) | 192 GFLOPS | 512 MB GDDR5 | 64 Bit | 800 MHz | 4.5 | 1.2 | 11.1 | N/A | 3.0 | 16 W | PCIe 2.1, MXM-A, MCM |
| E4690 (RV730)[79] | 2009-06-01 | 320 (4 CU) | 388 GFLOPS | 512 MB GDDR3 | 128 Bit | 700 MHz | 3.3 | 1.0 | 10.1 | N/A | 2.2 | 30 W | MXM-II |
| E2400 (RV610)[80] | 2006-07-28 | 40 (2 CU) | 48 GFLOPS | 128 MB GDDR3 | 64 Bit | 700 MHz | 3.3 | ATI Stream | 10.0 | N/A | 1.0 | 25 W | MXM-II |
Radeon Memory
[edit]In August 2011, AMD expanded the Radeon name to include random access memory modules under the AMD Memory line. The initial releases included 3 types of 2GiB DDR3 SDRAM modules: Entertainment (1333 MHz, CL9 9-9), UltraPro Gaming (1600 MHz, CL11 11-11) and Enterprise (specs to be determined).[81]
On May 8, 2013, AMD announced the release of Radeon RG2133 Gamer Series Memory.[82]
Radeon R9 2400 Gamer Series Memory was released on January 16, 2014.[83][84]
Production
[edit]Dataram Corporation is manufacturing RAM for AMD.[85]
Radeon RAMDisk
[edit]On September 6, 2012, Dataram Corporation announced it has entered into a formal agreement with AMD to develop an AMD-branded version of Dataram's RAMDisk software under the name Radeon RAMDisk, targeting gaming enthusiasts seeking exponential improvements in game load times leading to an enhanced gaming experience.[86] The freeware version of Radeon RAMDisk software supports Windows Vista and later with minimum 4GiB memory, and supports maximum of 4GiB RAM disk[87] (6GiB if AMD Radeon Value, Entertainment, Performance Edition or Products installed, and Radeon RAMDisk is activated between 2012-10-10 and 2013-10-10[88]). Retail version supports RAM disk size between 5MiB to 64GiB.[89][90]
Version history
[edit]Version 4.1 was released in May 8, 2013.[82]
Production
[edit]In 2014-04-02, Dataram Corporation announced it has signed an Agreement with Elysium Europe Ltd. to expand sales penetration in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Under this Agreement, Elysium is authorized to sell AMD Radeon RAMDisk software. Elysium is focusing on etailers, retailers, system builders and distributors.[91]
Radeon SSD
[edit]AMD planned to enter solid state drive market with the introduction of R7 models powered by Indilinx Barefoot 3 controller and Toshiba 19 nm MLC flash memory, and initially available in 120G, 240G, 480G capacities.[92][93] The R7 Series SSD was released on August 9, 2014, which included Toshiba's A19 MLC NAND flash memory, Indilinx Barefoot 3 M00 controller.[94] These components are the same as in the SSD OCZ Vector 150 model.
See also
[edit]- AMD FirePro – brand for professional product line based on Radeon GPUs up to the AMD Radeon Rx 300 series
- AMD Radeon Pro – successor to FirePro and launched alongside the AMD Radeon 400 series
- AMD FireStream – brand for stream processing and GPGPU based on Radeon GPUs
- AMD Instinct – successor to FireStream
- AMD FireMV – brand for multi-monitor product line based on Radeon GPUs
References
[edit]- ^ a b "AMD creates graphics-focused Radeon Technologies Group, taps Raja Koduri for GPU czar". PC World. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ "ATI to be re-branded as AMD". Arnnet.com.au. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ "AMD Officially Drops ATI Brand from FirePro and Radeon Marking". Xbitlabs.com. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ "Executive Biography - Raja Koduri". Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ^ 3 AAMD Archived 12 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ready, Willing and Able – AMD Supports OpenGL 3.3 and OpenGL 4.0 | AMD Developer Central Blogs". Blogs.amd.com. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010. [permanent dead link]
- ^ Worrel, Jon (28 May 2016). "AMD's Macau, China event NDA gets lifted 29 June". Fudzilla.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ Pop, Sebastian (30 September 2013). "Launch Date Revealed for AMD Radeon R9 290X Hawaii Graphics Card". Softpedia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ^ "A Bit More On Graphics Core Next 1.1 - The AMD Radeon R9 290X Review". Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
- ^ "AMD officially introduces Radeon 300 'Caribbean Islands' series". videocardz.com. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ Smith, Ryan (1 June 2016). "AMD Teases Radeon RX 480: Launching June 29th for 199". Anandtech.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ "AMD launches Radeon RX 500 family of graphics cards". Neowin. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ "AMD Announces Next-Generation Leadership Products at Computex 2019 Keynote". Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- ^ "AMD to Introduce New Next-Gen RDNA GPUs in 2020, Not a Typical 'Refresh' of Navi". tomshardware.com. Tom's Hardware. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ Smith, Ryan. "Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs: Zen 2 + RDNA 2, 12 TFLOPs GPU, HDMI 2.1, & a Custom SSD". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "Unveiling New Details of PlayStation 5: Hardware Technical Specs [UPDATED]". PlayStation.Blog. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ Garreffa, Anthony (9 September 2020). "AMD to reveal next-gen Big Navi RDNA 2 graphics cards on October 28". TweakTown. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ Lyles, Taylor (9 September 2020). "AMD's next-generation Zen 3 CPUs and Radeon RX 6000 'Big Navi' GPU will be revealed next month". The Verge. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "AMD Teases Radeon RX 6000 Card Performance Numbers: Aiming For 3080?". anandtech.com. AnandTech. 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ "AMD Announces Ryzen "Zen 3" and Radeon "RDNA2" Presentations for October: A New Journey Begins". anandtech.com. AnandTech. 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ Judd, Will (28 October 2020). "AMD unveils three Radeon 6000 graphics cards with ray tracing and RTX-beating performance". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Hollister, Sean (3 March 2021). "AMD announces $479 Radeon RX 6700 XT, says it will have 'significantly more GPUs available'". The Verge. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- ^ Mujtaba, Hassan (30 November 2020). "AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT 'Navi 22 GPU' Custom Models Reportedly Boost Up To 2.95 GHz". Wccftech. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Tyson, Mark (3 December 2020). "AMD CEO keynote scheduled for CES 2020 on 12th January". HEXUS. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Cutress, Ian (12 January 2021). "AMD to Launch Mid-Range RDNA 2 Desktop Graphics in First Half 2021". AnandTech. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Smith, Ryan. "Launching Today: AMD's Radeon RX 6500 XT, Starring Navi 24". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^ "Conformant Products - The Khronos Group Inc". The Khronos Group. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ "Conformant Products - The Khronos Group Inc". The Khronos Group. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ "GPU-Tech.org - Catalyst 11.10 WHQL - First official Battlefield 3 driver for Radeon cards". GPU-Tech.org. 31 October 2011.
- ^ "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta". AMD. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ Wallossek, Igor; Woligroski, Don (21 December 2011). "Graphics Core Next: The Southern Islands Architecture". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ Broekhuijsen, Niels (20 February 2013). "AMD Clarifies 2013 Radeon Plans". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ "Radeon Vega Frontier Edition". AMD. 30 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
- ^ "AMD Radeon HD 6900 (AMD Cayman) series graphics cards". HWlab. hw-lab.com. 19 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
New VLIW4 architecture of stream processors allowed to save area of each SIMD by 10%, while performing the same compared to previous VLIW5 architecture
- ^ "GPU Specs Database". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ "NPOT Texture (OpenGL Wiki)". Khronos Group. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta". AMD. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ "AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT Specs". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ "AMD Launches The Radeon PRO W7500/W7600 RDNA3 GPUs". Phoronix. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ "AMD Radeon Pro 5600M Grafikkarte". TopCPU.net (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Killian, Zak (22 March 2017). "AMD publishes patches for Vega support on Linux". Tech Report. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ Larabel, Michael (15 September 2020). "AMD Radeon Navi 2 / VCN 3.0 Supports AV1 Video Decoding". Phoronix. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Edmonds, Rich (4 February 2022). "ASUS Dual RX 6600 GPU review: Rock-solid 1080p gaming with impressive thermals". Windows Central. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "Radeon's next-generation Vega architecture" (PDF). Radeon Technologies Group (AMD). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ^ "AMDGPU". Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ Introducing Radeon Software Crimson Edition Archived 7 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "AMD exploring new Linux driver Strategy". 8 October 2014. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ Dave Airlie (26 November 2014). "Merge AMDKFD". freedesktop.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ "System 7 Today – High Power 3D Video Cards". Main.system7today.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "The Mesa drivers matrix". mesamatrix.net. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
- ^ "Mesa OpenGL Extensions and Capabilities". people.freedesktop.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
- ^ "Supported hardware – MorphOS". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
- ^ "AmigaOS 4.1 Hardware Compatibility List". Acube Systems. 25 November 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "RadeonHD Version 1.0 Released". A-Eon Technology. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "RadeonHD Driver". Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
- ^ "Haiku Radeon HD driver". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E9550 MXM Specs". Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E9260 MXM Specs". Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E9171 MCM Specs". Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E9172 MXM Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Techpowerup.com. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E9173 PCIe Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Techpowerup.com. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E9174 MXM Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Techpowerup.com. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E9175 PCIe Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Techpowerup.com. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E8950 Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Techpowerup.com. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E8870 Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Techpowerup.com. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "AMD Radeon™ E8860 Embedded GPU" (PDF). AMD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ "Grafikeinheit für Spielautomaten: Radeon E8860 mit GCN-Architektur". 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E8860 Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ Product brief Archived 9 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "AMD Radeon E6760 MXM Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ AMD graphics lineup Archived 19 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "AMD Radeon E6465 Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database".
- ^ "Product Brief: AMD Power-Efficient Embedded GPUs" (PDF). AMD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ "AMD Radeon E6460 Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database".
- ^ "ATI Radeon E4690 MXM Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". 14 July 2023.
- ^ "ATI Radeon E2400 Specs | TechPowerUp GPU Database". Techpowerup.com. 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "AMD Quietly Releases Radeon-Branded Memory Modules". Archived from the original on 22 September 2013.
- ^ a b "AMD Announces Memory Series Designed with Gamers in Mind – AMD Radeon RG2133 and upgraded AMD Radeon RAMDisk deliver lightning fast memory performance for PC gaming -". Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ^ "Dataram Unveils Radeon R9 2400 Gamer Series Memory, Joining AMD in Revolutionizing Computing and UltraHD Entertainment". Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "Dataram Unveils Radeon R9 2400 Gamer Series Memory". Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ Unknown, Cristian (17 October 2012). "Dataram to Attend AMD Radeon ExtravaLANza". www.techpowerup.com. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ "Dataram Executes Agreement with AMD for Radeon RAMDisk". Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ AMD Radeon RAMDisk
- ^ "AMD Radeon RAMDisk 6GB- SOFTWARE DOWNLOAD PROMOTION" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "AMD Launches Radeon RAMDisk, Free 6GB Disks With AMD Memory". 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "AMD Radeon RAMDisk For Desktops and Notebooks Quick Setup Guide" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "Dataram Signs Strategic Sales Agreement with Elysium Europe LTD to Expand Penetration of AMD Product". Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "AMD readies Radeon line of SSDs". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "AMD Radeon R7 SSD Series Expected This Month – Rebranded OCZ?". 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "AMD Expands Gaming Portfolio with New Radeon™ R7 Series Solid State Drives". Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
External links
[edit]- Radeon Technologies Group pages: Radeon Graphics Cards
- AMD Radeon pages: AMD Graphics, Radeon Memory, Radeon RAMDisk
- X.Org driver for ATI/AMD Radeon
- DRI Wiki: ATI Radeon
- Rage3D: Support community for ATI hardware and drivers. News and discussion.