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San Gabriel Mountains

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San Gabriel Mountains
Summits in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains, Angeles National Forest, San Bernardino County, California. The main peaks are: Telegraph Peak 8,985 feet (2,739 m) (left), Cucamonga Peak, 8,859 feet (2,700 m) (center), and Ontario Peak 8,693 feet (2,650 m) (center right), as seen from Baldy Bowl on Mount Baldy.
Highest point
PeakMount San Antonio
Elevation10,069 ft (3,069 m)
Coordinates34°17′20″N 117°38′48″W / 34.2889°N 117.6467°W / 34.2889; -117.6467
Dimensions
Length68.4 mi (110.1 km)
Width22.5 mi (36.2 km)
Area970 sq mi (2,500 km2)
Geography
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountiesLos Angeles and San Bernardino

The San Gabriel Mountains (Spanish: Sierra de San Gabriel) comprise a mountain range located in northern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California, United States.[1] The mountain range is part of the Transverse Ranges and lies between the Los Angeles Basin and the Mojave Desert, with Interstate 5 to the west and Interstate 15 to the east. The range lies in, and is surrounded by, the Angeles and San Bernardino National Forests, with the San Andreas Fault as its northern border.

The highest peak in the range is Mount San Antonio, commonly referred to as Mt. Baldy. Mount Wilson is another notable peak, known for the Mount Wilson Observatory and the antenna farm that houses many of the transmitters for local media. The observatory may be visited by the public. On October 10, 2014, Barack Obama designated the area the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument.[2] The Trust for Public Land has protected more than 3,800 acres (1,500 ha) of land in the San Gabriel Mountains, its foothills, and the Angeles National Forest.[3]

Geography

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Much of the range features rolling peaks. The range lacks craggy features, but contains a large number of canyons and is generally very rugged and difficult to traverse. The San Gabriel Mountains are composed of a large fault block between the San Andreas Fault Zone to the north, and the San Gabriel Fault and the Sierra Madre and Cucamonga Fault Zones to the south.[4][5] This tectonic block was uplifted during the Miocene and has since been dissected by numerous rivers and washes.[6][7]

Setting and elevation

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The highest elevation, Mount San Antonio (Mount Baldy) at 10,069 feet (3,069 m),[8] rises towards the eastern extremity of the range which extends from the Cajon Pass (Interstate 15) on the east, where the San Gabriel Mountain Range meets the San Bernardino Mountain Range, westward to meet the Santa Susana Mountains at Newhall Pass (Interstate 5).

South and east of Santa Clarita and north of San Fernando, the San Gabriel Mountains crest abruptly up to about 4,000 feet (1,200 m). Pacoima and Big Tujunga Canyons cut through the range just east of San Fernando, carrying runoff into the San Fernando Valley. Little Tujunga Canyon Road bridges the range in this area, connecting the San Fernando Valley to the Santa Clara River valley in the north. Towering over Big Tujunga Canyon north of Big Tujunga Reservoir, and south of Acton, is Mount Gleason, which at 6,502 feet (1,982 m), is the highest in this region of the San Gabriels. South of the gorge is the southern "foothills" of the mountains, which rise abruptly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) above the Los Angeles Basin and give rise to the Arroyo Seco, a tributary of the Los Angeles River.

Southeast of Big Tujunga Canyon, the southern front range of the San Gabriels gradually grows in elevation, culminating in notable peaks such as Mount Wilson at 5,710 feet (1,740 m). On the north the range is abruptly dissected by the canyon of the West Fork San Gabriel River. Even further north the range slopes up into the towering main crest of the San Gabriels, a sweeping arc-shaped massif 30 miles (48 km) in length that includes most of the highest peaks in the range: Waterman Mountain, at 8,038 feet (2,450 m); Mount Islip, at 8,250 feet (2,510 m), Mount Baden-Powell, at 9,399 feet (2,865 m), Pine Mountain, at 9,648 feet (2,941 m), and Mount San Antonio, the highest peak in the range at 10,068 feet (3,069 m).

On the north slopes of the San Gabriel crest, the northern ranks of mountains drop down incrementally to the floor of the Mojave Desert in a much more gradual manner than the sheer southern flank. The Angeles Crest Highway, one of the main routes across the San Gabriels, runs through this area from west to east. Little Rock, Big Rock, and Sheep Creeks drain off the northern part of the mountains, forming large alluvial fans as they descend into the Mojave. To the east, the San Andreas Fault cuts across the range, forming a series of long, straight, and narrow depressions, including Swarthout Valley and Lone Pine Canyon. South of Mount San Antonio, San Antonio Creek drains the mountains, cutting the deep San Antonio Canyon.

East Fork San Gabriel River canyon, looking west.

East of San Antonio Canyon, the range gradually loses elevation, and the highest peaks in this section of the mountain range are in the south, rising dramatically above the cities of Claremont, Upland and Rancho Cucamonga. However, there are still several notable peaks in this region, including Telegraph Peak, at 8,985 feet (2,739 m), Cucamonga Peak, at 8,859 feet (2,700 m), and Ontario Peak, rising 8,693 feet (2,650 m). Lytle Creek, flowing generally southeast, drains most of the extreme eastern San Gabriels. The range terminates at Cajon Pass, through which runs Interstate 15, and beyond which rise the even higher San Bernardino Mountains.

Locale

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The Range is bounded on the north by the Antelope Valley and the Mojave Desert and to the south by the communities of Greater Los Angeles. The south side of the range is almost continuously urbanized and includes the Los Angeles city communities of Sylmar, Pacoima, and Sunland-Tujunga, as well as cities and unincorporated areas of San Fernando, La Crescenta, La Cañada Flintridge, Altadena, Pasadena, Sierra Madre, Arcadia, Monrovia, Bradbury, Duarte, Azusa, Glendora, San Dimas, La Verne, Claremont, Upland, Rancho Cucamonga, Fontana, and Rialto. The north side of the range is less densely populated and includes the city of Palmdale as well as the small unincorporated towns of Acton, Littlerock, Pearblossom, Valyermo, Llano, Piñon Hills, and Phelan. At the west end of the range lies the city of Santa Clarita. Within the mountains themselves are the small unincorporated communities of Mount Baldy, Wrightwood, Big Pines and Lytle Creek.

Hydrology

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Melting snow and rain runoff on the south side of the San Gabriels' highest mountains give rise to its largest river, the San Gabriel River. Just to the west of Mount Hawkins, a north-south divide separates water running down the two main forks of the river and their tributaries. The West Fork, beginning at Red Box Saddle, runs 14 miles (23 km) eastward, and the East Fork, starting north of Mount San Antonio, flows 18 miles (29 km) south and west through a steep, rugged and precipitous gorge. The two meet at San Gabriel Reservoir, and turn south, boring through the southern portion of the San Gabriels, emptying of the mountains near Azusa into the urban San Gabriel Valley, and eventually to the Pacific Ocean near Seal Beach.

Peaks

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Mount Harwood, from Devils Backbone

San Gabriel Mountains peaks within the Angeles National Forest include:

Climate

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The climate of the range varies with elevation from continental to the Mediterranean, with mostly dry summers (except for scattered summer thunderstorms) and cold, wet winters. Snow can fall above 4,000 ft (1,200 m) elevation during frontal passages between November and April, but is most common in December through March. Annual precipitation totals are mostly in excess of 25 in (640 mm) on the coastal (southern) slopes above 3,000 ft (900 m) elevation, with up to 45 in (1,100 mm) falling in some areas above 5,000 ft (1,500 m).

The coastal (south) side of the range receives more precipitation than the desert (northern) side. The highest precipitation is found in the central and eastern parts of the range (Mt. Wilson to Mt. San Antonio). Annual precipitation totals are highly variable from year to year, and can be extremely high during wet El Nino years (sometimes over 70 in (1,800 mm), with single storm totals over 10 in (250 mm)). Runoff from the mountains during big storms often produces flooding in adjacent foothill communities (especially in areas denuded by wildfires). The range is mostly smog-free above 5,000 ft (1,500 m) elevation, above the inversion layer. The large telescope installation at Mt. Wilson is a testimony to the clear atmospheric conditions that prevail, although light pollution from the L.A. basin below has hindered telescope activities in recent decades.

Wildfires

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The San Gabriel Mountains see wildfires frequently. The fires are often driven by dry Santa Ana wind events in the summer and fall. Notable wildfires in the San Gabriel Mountains have included the 2009 Station Fire, 2020 Bobcat Fire, and the 2024 Bridge Fire.[10]

Geology

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Granitic and metasedimentary rocks are the primary constituent of the San Gabriel Mountains. Metasedimentary rocks were attached to the North American craton in the Precambrian eon, and granitic rocks formed throughout the Mesozoic as oceanic plates subducted underneath the North American west coast. Like nearly all of the other mountains in the Transverse Ranges, the San Gabriels are a series of fault blocks that were uplifted in the Cenozoic.[11] Tectonic uplift rates and erosion rates systematically increase as topography steepens eastward in the San Gabriel Mountains, where the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults meet.[12][13]

Current rates of erosion in the eastern San Gabriel mountains are among the fastest in the continental United States[14] and have accelerated in response to the increased frequency of wildfires over the 1900s.[15] Over future centuries, it remains unclear whether soil and brush ecosystems in the San Gabriel mountains will continue to re-establish soil and vegetation after increasing fire and soil-erosion frequencies, or if increasing fire frequencies and erosion will strip soils and permanently alter soil cover and vegetation types across the mountain ecosystem.[16]

Ecology

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There are both areas of conifer as well as broadleaf forestation, including the presence of some endemic taxa. Conifer (pine, fir, cedar) and oak forests are most widespread above 5,000 feet (1,500 m) where the precipitation is above 30 inches (760 mm) (the central and eastern high San Gabriels). In the wetter areas, madrone and bay laurel trees also occur in places, and ferns are common. Trees like willow, alder, and cottonwood are also found throughout the range along with the stream courses (riparian habitat), even at lower elevations. Chaparral (dense shrub, brush, and small tree) vegetation is widespread where there is no continuous tall tree cover, especially at lower elevations. Chaparral is highly adapted to fire and replaces trees for decades after fires. There is a subspecies of the Leather Oak which is found only within the San Gabriel Mountains.[17] The Rift Zone along the San Andreas Fault produces numerous springs, sag ponds, and wetland areas that are critical habitats for a variety of native species.

Larger animals include California mule deer, California black bear, San Pedro Martir coyote and the rarely seen mountain lion or cougar. Smaller mammals include raccoons, opossum, skunk, and bobcats. Golden and bald eagles are found rarely, but hawks are common. Rattlesnakes are common and often encountered on trails by hikers. Critically endangered yellow-legged frogs have declined or vanished from the streams due to the loss of suitable habitat.[10] The introduction of invasive predators like trout, which feed on tadpoles, decimated their population.[18]

Transportation

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Telegraph Peak as seen from the ridge of Devils Backbone on Mount San Antonio.

The main road that runs through the San Gabriel Mountains is the Angeles Crest Highway, State Route 2. It starts in the southwest at the city of La Cañada Flintridge and ends at its junction with State Route 138, just past Wrightwood, near the Victor Valley and the western Cajon Valley. Past its junction with Angeles Forest Highway, traveling east, Angeles Crest Highway features blind curves, various bumps, and potholes. This section of the "Crest" is closed during the winter due to rockfall and avalanche hazards. State Route 2, just past Mountain High, is called the Big Pines Highway to the Route 138 junction.

Another key county route through, the mountains is Angeles Forest Highway. Angeles Forest Highway begins 11 miles northeast of La Cañada Flintridge at its Angeles Crest Highway junction. Ending near Acton, it allows easy access to the central Forest and the fast-growing Antelope Valley. Because the "Forest" and the 11-mile (18 km) "Crest" portion leading to La Cañada Flintridge is well-traveled by Antelope Valley commuters, its road maintenance is much better, and it is open much of the winter.

State Route 39 connected the city of Azusa with the Angeles Crest Highway until it was seriously damaged by landslides, first in 1978, and again in 2005. The highway was opened to emergency crews in February 2003.

People heading to Mount Waterman must now travel west to Pasadena and then travel on the Angeles Crest Highway (Highway 2) in La Cañada Flintridge, a nearly two-hour trip. Reopening Highway 39 would cut the drive-time to the Waterman Ski Area in half and shorten the trip east to Wrightwood.

According to the Caltrans District Seven "Inside Seven" Newsletter, "Two projects that will address those issues and get the highway reopened are scheduled for construction soon. The first, building two retaining walls near the city of Azusa from Old San Gabriel Canyon Road to approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) south of SR-2, could begin in mid-2009. The second, a $45 million project to reconstruct the roadway, construct soldier pile retaining walls, repair drainage systems, install rockfall protection, and provide asphalt concrete overlay and traffic striping, should begin in fall 2010."

In 2011, the planned repair of the road was abruptly terminated, due to concern of high future maintenance costs, and potential impact on the local bighorn sheep population. However, in October 2016, Caltrans announced it was again considering plans to re-open the road, after pressure from local communities.[19]

Recreation

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In the winter, snowboarding and skiing are quite popular in the San Gabriels, at Mountain High and Mt. Baldy.[citation needed] The two other resorts, Mount Waterman and Kratka Ridge, are rarely open due to insufficient snow. In the summer, canyoneering, hiking, backpacking, picnicking, and camping are some of the activities popular with visitors.[citation needed] From time to time, a hiker gets lost or stuck on a mountain ledge or may fall downhill. Some of the more extreme cases of emergency search-and-rescue efforts will often be given air time on Los Angeles television and radio newscasts. The Pacific Crest Trail passes along the mountain ridge.

During the winter, many Southern California mountaineers climb a variety of snow routes and even some ice routes in the San Gabriel Mountains. Baldy Bowl is by far the most popular route, getting hundreds of climbers per season.[citation needed] There are many other routes, offering a variety of choices.

Rock climbing is not as common in the San Gabriel Range as it is in neighboring areas, as this range is famous for loose rock. Various faults crisscross the range, making it one of the steepest and fastest-growing ranges in the world.[citation needed] Plate tectonic activity breaks up most rock, making it unsuitable for rock climbing. Williamson Rock was the most famous climbing area until it was closed for climbing. There are many other craggy areas scattered about the range that provide mostly traditional climbing opportunities.

Angeles National Forest Fire Lookout Association has rebuilt and operates Vetter Mountain Lookout, and Slide Mountain Lookout. The organization is rebuilding South Mount Hawkins Lookout.

Panorama of the range, from Ontario Peak looking west and north, Mount Baldy in the center.

Nearby ranges

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  • San Gabriel Mountains east of downtown Los Angeles
    San Gabriel Mountains east of downtown Los Angeles
  • San Gabriel Wilderness
    San Gabriel Wilderness
  • The Bridge to Nowhere
    The Bridge to Nowhere
  • Vetter Lookout
    Vetter Lookout
  • Highway 2 through the San Gabriel Mountains
    Highway 2 through the San Gabriel Mountains
  • Big Dalton Dam near full capacity
    Big Dalton Dam near full capacity
  • Monrovia and the San Gabriel Mountains
    Monrovia and the San Gabriel Mountains
  • San Gabriel Dam
    San Gabriel Dam
  • San Gabriel Mountains from Cajon Pass
    San Gabriel Mountains from Cajon Pass
  • Mount Islip
    Mount Islip
  • Snowpack
    Snowpack
  • Wildfire
    Wildfire
  • Mount Wilson Observatory
    Mount Wilson Observatory
  • Angeles National Forest
    Angeles National Forest

References

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  1. ^ "San Gabriel Mountains". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
  2. ^ "President Obama Designates San Gabriel Mountains National Monument". whitehouse.gov. October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014 – via National Archives.
  3. ^ "Los Angeles Natural Lands". The Trust for Public Land. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  4. ^ Anderson, J. Lawford (1990). The Nature and Origin of Cordilleran Magmatism. Geological Society of America. pp. 33–45. ISBN 978-0-8137-1174-4.
  5. ^ DiBiase, R. A.; Whipple, K. X.; Lamb, M. P.; Heimsath, A. M. (March 1, 2015). "The role of waterfalls and knickzones in controlling the style and pace of landscape adjustment in the western San Gabriel Mountains, California". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 127 (3–4): 539–559. Bibcode:2015GSAB..127..539D. doi:10.1130/B31113.1. ISSN 0016-7606.
  6. ^ Spotila, James A.; House, Martha A.; Blythe, Ann E.; Niemi, Nathan A.; Bank, Gregory C. (2002), "Controls on the erosion and geomorphic evolution of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains, southern California", Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern United States, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/0-8137-2365-5.205, ISBN 978-0-8137-2365-5, retrieved March 7, 2024
  7. ^ Nourse, Jonathan A. (2002), "Middle Miocene reconstruction of the central and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, with implications for evolution of the San Gabriel fault and Los Angeles basin", Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern United States, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/0-8137-2365-5.161, ISBN 978-0-8137-2365-5, retrieved March 7, 2024
  8. ^ "Mount San Antonio - Peakbagger.com". www.peakbagger.com. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  9. ^ USFS.gov: Mt. Islip fire lookout tower
  10. ^ a b Bailey, Tia (September 21, 2022). "Yellow-Legged Frogs To Be Reintroduced to San Gabriel Mountains". Outsider. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
  11. ^ USGS
  12. ^ DiBiase, R.A., Rossi, M.W. and Neely, A.B., 2018. Fracture density and grain size control on the relief structure of bedrock landscapes. Geology, 46(5), pp.399-402.
  13. ^ DiBiase, R.A., Whipple, K.X., Heimsath, A.M. and Ouimet, W.B., 2010. Landscape form and millennial erosion rates in the San Gabriel Mountains, CA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 289(1-2), pp.134-144.
  14. ^ Neely, A.B., DiBiase, R.A., Corbett, L.B., Bierman, P.R. and Caffee, M.W., 2019. Bedrock fracture density controls on hillslope erodibility in steep, rocky landscapes with patchy soil cover, southern California, USA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 522, pp.186-197.
  15. ^ Lamb, M.P., Scheingross, J.S., Amidon, W.H., Swanson, E. and Limaye, A., 2011. A model for fire‐induced sediment yield by dry ravel in steep landscapes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 116(F3).
  16. ^ DiBiase, R.A. and Lamb, M.P., 2013. Vegetation and wildfire controls on sediment yield in bedrock landscapes. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(6), pp.1093-1097.
  17. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2010. Leather Oak, Quercus durata. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and Environment. Washington DC
  18. ^ Sottile, Zoe (September 24, 2022). "Rare frogs released into California mountains after 2020 Bobcat Fire". CNN. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  19. ^ Scauzillo, Steve (October 17, 2016). "Caltrans considering a new plan to reopen Highway 39 to Wrightwood". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
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