Ferdinand I (Portuguese: Fernando;[1] 31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383), sometimes called the Handsome (o Formoso) or occasionally the Inconstant (o Inconstante), was the King of Portugal from 1367 until his death in 1383. He was also briefly made King of Galicia, in 1369 (a claim which he would maintain until 1373). Facing a lack of legitimate male heirs, his death led to the 1383–85 crisis, also known as the Portuguese interregnum.
The throne was held by his second cousin Henry of Trastámara (Henry II of Castile), Peter of Castile's illegitimate brother, who had defeated him in the Castilian Civil War in 1366 and assumed the crown.[5] After one or two indecisive campaigns, all parties were ready to accept the mediation of Pope Gregory XI. The conditions of the treaty, ratified in 1371, included a marriage between Ferdinand and Leonora of Castile.[5] But before the union could take place Ferdinand had become passionately attached to Leonor Telles de Meneses, the wife of one of his own courtiers. Having procured a dissolution of her previous marriage, he lost no time in making Leonor his queen.[4][2]
The Funeral of D. Fernando from the Chronique d' Angleterre; Jean de Wavrin, late 14th century.
This conduct, although it raised a serious insurrection in Portugal, did not at once result in a war with Henry. However, the outward concord was soon disturbed by intrigues with John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, brother of Edward the Black Prince, who entered into a secret treaty with Ferdinand for the expulsion of Henry from his throne. The war which followed was unsuccessful; and peace was again made in 1373,[6] with a treaty which enforced the exile of Ferndinand's last galician supporters.[4]
On the death of Henry in 1379, the Duke of Lancaster once more put forward his claims, and again found an ally in Portugal.[7] In 1381, conflict erupted on the Portuguese-Castilian frontier but the English army, led by Edmund Langley, was ineffectively equipped and financed.[7][8] So Ferdinand made a peace for himself at Badajoz in 1382. In 1383, the Treaty of Salvaterra stipulated that Beatrice, Ferdinand's daughter and heiress, would marry King John I of Castile,[7][8] and thus secure the ultimate union of the two crowns.[4]
Ferdinand left no male heir when he died, probably from poisoning, at Lisbon on 22 October 1383,[9] and the direct Burgundian line, which had been in possession of the throne since the days of Count Henry (about 1112), became extinct. The stipulations of the Treaty of Salvaterra were set aside, and John, Grand Master of the order of Aviz, Ferdinand's illegitimate brother, claimed the throne.[4] This led to a period of war and political indefinition known as the 1383-1385 Crisis. John became the first king of the House of Aviz in 1385.
Ferdinand's spectacular ornate tomb can be found on display at the Carmo Archaeological Museum in Lisbon. His body was destroyed during the Invasions of Portugal, when he was still buried in Santarém, and was never recovered.
Fernando married Leonor Teles de Meneses, formerly the wife of the nobleman João Lourenço da Cunha, Lord of Pombeiro, and daughter of Martim Afonso Telo de Meneses, by whom he had his only surviving legitimate child, Beatrice. He also had a natural daughter, Isabel, whose mother's identity is unknown, though it was rumored that the latter was his own half-sister, Beatrice, Countess of Albuquerque.[10][11]
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
By Leonor Teles (c. 1350 - c. 1405; married in 1372)
García Oro, José (1987): Galicia en los siglos XIV y XV. Fundación "Pedro Barrie de la Maza, Conde de Fenosa", A Coruña. ISBN84-85728-59-9. (in Spanish)
Goodman, Anthony (1992). John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe. Harlow: Longman. ISBN0582098130.
Shillington, Violet (1906). "The Beginnings of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. New Series. 20: 109–132. doi:10.2307/3678093. JSTOR3678093.
Varela Fernandes, Carla (2009): The Image of a King. Analysis of the tomb of King D. Fernando I. Carmo Archaeological Museum/Portuguese Archaeologists Association, Lisbon. (English ed.)
* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples,§ also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria,# also an infante of Spain,‡ also an imperial prince of Brazil,¶ also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony,◙ also a prince of Braganza,¤ title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic,ƒ claimant infante
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